The results are seen in the reforms of Dio cletian and Constantine the Great (A.D. 284–circa 320) . New frontier guards, styled limitanei or riparienses, were established, and the old army was reorganized in field forces which accom panied or might accompany the emperors in war (comitatenses, palatini). The importance of the legions dwindled; the chief sol diers were the mercenaries, mostly Germans, enlisted from among the barbarians. New titles now appear, and it becomes plain that in many points the new order is not the old. The details of the system are as complicated as all the administrative machinery of that age. Here it is enough to point out that the significance of such officers and titles as the dux and the comes (duke, count) lies ahead in the history of the middle ages, and not in the past, the history of the Roman army itself.
Under the Republic we do not find, and indeed should not expect to find, any central body which was especially entrusted with the development of the army system or military finance or military policy in wars. Even under the Empire, however, there was no such organization. The emperor, as commander-in-chief, and his more or less unofficial advisers doubtless decided questions of policy. But the army was so much a group of provincial armies that much was left to the chief offi cers in each province. Here, as elsewhere in the Empire, we trace a love if not for Home Rule, as least for Devolution. There was,
however, a central finance office in Rome for the special purpose of meeting the bounties (or equivalent) due to discharged soldiers.
A n F, with the titles nornr;/.4.
militare, and had, for receipts, the yield of two taxes, a 5% legacy duty and a 1% on sales (or perhaps only on auction-sales). The legacy duty did not touch legacies to near relations or legacies of small amount.
a, Realen tyklopadie ; Domaszewski, in Mommsen-Marquardt's Handbuch der rOmischen Altertiimer (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1884), vol. v., pp. 319-612; H. Delbriick, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, vol. i., 2nd ed. (Berlin, 1907) ; E. Lammert, "Die Entwicklung der romischen Taktik," in Neue Jahrbiicher fur das klassische Altertum, ix. Too-128, 169-187; Cagnat's article "Legio" in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines; E. G. Hardy, Studies in Roman His tory (London, 1906-09) ; Th. Mommsen, "Das romische Militarwesen seit Diocletian," in Hermes, xxiv. 195-279 ; P. Coussin, Les Armes Ronzaines (Paris, 1926) ; the articles "Legio" and "Exercitus" in Pauly Wissowa, Realencyklopadie; Macartney's article "The Military In debtedness of Ancient Rome to Etruria" in Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome i., 121 (1917). (F. J. H.)