(1914) .
from the platform laid over these piers.
The north-east quarter of the Palatine is still occupied by S. Sebastian and S. Bonaventura. What buildings stood there in antiquity we do not know. The south-east quarter is occupied chiefly by the so-called "hippodrome" and the substructures of Septimius' additions to the palace. The "hippodrome" (the word was sometimes used for gardens of the long oval type) seems to have been a large garden which was surrounded by high retaining walls to keep the higher portions of ground from caving in. It cer tainly contained fountains, trees and walks, with a portico circling the whole within the wall. Perhaps the portico roof had hanging gardens. The masonry is of the Flavian period with additions and changes of a century later. The substructures of Septimius' palace spread in several directions. The central portion contained very luxurious baths. The lofty ruins that extend along the brow of the hill were apparently substructures that supported apartments from which the emperor could view the games of the circus below, while farther south-east stood the Septizonium with its lavishly decorated facade which was to remind the African friends of Sep timius on approaching Rome that one of their countrymen occu pied the imperial palace. A large part of the Septizonium stood till the i6th century, when it fell a prey to the greed of Sixtus V. (1588).
The Capitoline which in ancient times could be approached only from the forum, had in the regal period a fort (arx) on the northern height, an area sacred to Jupiter on the southern height and a wooded asylum on the depression that lay between these two. In the area sacred to Jupiter the last of the kings built a magnificent Etruscan temple with three cellas to the triad Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, and this, officially called the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, was ready for dedication the first year of the republic, 509 B.C. The foundations of this temple have long been known, and when in 1919 the German embassy, which stood upon it, was torn down to make place for an enlargement of the Capito line museum the old walls were excavated and measured. (Notizie
degli Scavi, 1919.) These foundations, built of the native cappel laccio, are now visible at two corners, and prove that though masonry was still fairly crude in technique, the original temple was built on the magnificent scale that it had in imperial restora tions, about 6oxso metres. Since it was the largest temple in existence in Italy in that day we may conclude that the tradition was not far from correct which held that Rome was a large and wealthy city under the Etruscan princes. The first temple was probably, like the foundations, built of native tufa and covered with a white stucco. The porch was probably supported in four wooden columns set wide apart, and the wooden architraves were in Tuscan fashion covered with painted terra-cotta slabs. A few fragments which may possibly belong to the early temple have been found and placed in the museum near by. On the roof was placed a quadriga of Jupiter in terra-cotta made by the artists of Veii, probably by the same school of artists which created the splendid Apollo now to be seen in the Villa Giulia museum. This old temple, with its decorations renewed from time to time, stood until it was burned in 83 B.C. After various rebuildings it was re constructed in marble with Pentelic columns by Domitian, and the surviving marble fragments of the entablatures that are in the museum give some idea of the magnificence of this Flavian temple. This marble structure was hexastyle with three rows of columns across the front and a row on each side.
Of the Arx and the temple of Juno Moneta later built thereon all traces have been hidden by the church of Ara Coeli and the recent monument to Victor Emmanuel II. The Tabulariurn, the gaunt walls of which command the view of the forum, has so frequently been altered in rebuilding the rooms of the modern council cham ber of Rome that little but the rear remains intact. It was erected after the Sullan fire, which destroyed the Capitoline temple, to serve as a fireproof hall of records for the State. Gabine stone was employed for the exterior walls because it was known not to suffer 'Rodocanachi, Le Capitole romain, 1904; Platner, Ancient Rome, p. 291.