Sahara

In 1899 the central Sahara, from Algeria to Air, was traversed by Fernand Foureau. The great desideratum was the opening up of a route to the Niger countries, which might in time divert the trade from Tripoli to Algeria. In 1890 Foureau, who in 1883 had undertaken a first journey of exploration south of Warqla, reached the Tademait plateau in 28° N., fixing the position of many places, and in 1892-93 came the first of his long series of expeditions undertaken with a view of penetrating the country of the Azjer Tuareg, the powerful confederacy which lay on the route to Air and Lake Chad. Foureau finally reached Zinder, the important trade centre on the borders of Nigeria, in 1899.

In the central Sahara, French posts were gradually pushed farther south under a military organization. Subsequent travellers gathered much information respecting the mapping, geology, and other features of this part of the Sahara. Subsequent work in the Sahara is associated with the names of Laperrine, Arnaud, Cortier, Nieger, Villatte, Gautier and Chudeau, on the French side, while Vischer, Haywood, Hassanein Bey, Buchanan, Augieras, Godefroy, Harding King, and F. R. Rodd have contributed much to our knowledge of the peoples and their environment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Vatonne,

Mission de Ghadames (1863) ; H. Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord (1864) ; Ville, Explor. geologique du Mzab, etc. (1867) ; A. Pomel, Le Sahara (1872) ; F. G. Rohlfs, Quer durch Afrika (1874), Drei Monate im tibyschen Wiiste (1875) and Kufra 0880 ; V. Largeau, Le Pays de Rirha-Ouargla (1879) ; G. Nachtigal, Sdhdrd and S4dan (3 vols., 1879-89) ; G. Rolland, "Le Cretace du Sahara septentrional" (with geological map of the Central Sahara), in Bull. de la Soc. Geol. de France (1881) ; Roudaire, Rapport sur la derniere exped. des Chotts 0880, and other reports by the same author; Tchihatchef, "The Deserts of Africa and Asia," in British Association. Reports (Southampton, 1882) ; Derrecagaix, "Explor. du Sahara: les deux missions du Lieut.-Colonel Flatters," in Bull. de la Soc. de Geogr. (1882) ; 0. Lenz, Timbuktu Reise durch Marokko, etc. (1884) ; and E. L. Reclus, Nouv. Geographie univ. Xl. (1886) ; H. Schirmer, Le Sahara (1893) ; P. Vuillot, L'Exploration du Sahara (1895) ; P. L. Monteil, De Saint-Louis a Tripoli (1895) ;

Fr. Foureau, D'Alger au Congo par le Tchad (1902) and Documents scientifiques de la mission saharienne, fasc. i.—iii. (19o3—o5) ; Privat Deschanel, "Peut-on reboiser le Sahara?" Rev. scientif. (1896) ; K. A. Zittel, Paldontologie der libyschen Wiiste (Cassel, 1893) ; G. Rolland, Chemin de fer transsaharien, geologie du Sahara algerien, et apercu geologique sur le Sahara de l'ocean atlantique a la mer rouge (1891) ; J. Walther, Die Denudation in der Wiiste (Leipzig, 1900) ; M. Honore, Le Transsaharien et la penetration francaise en Afrique (i9o1) ; E. Diirkop, Die wirtschafts-und handels-geographischen Provinzen der Sahara (Wolfenbiittel, 1902) ; W. J. Harding King, A Search for the Masked Tawareks (1903) ; A. Bernard and N. Lacroix, La Penetration saharienne (Algiers, 1906) ; C. Velan, "Etat actuel de nos connaissances sur la geographie et la geologic du Sahara d'apres les explorations les plus recentes," Revue de geogr., t. 1 (19(36-07), PP. J. Lahache, "Le Dessechement de l'Afrique francaise est-il demontre ?" Bul. Soc. Geogr. Marseille, 31 (19°7), pp. 149-185 ; E. Arnaud and M. Cortier, Mission Arnaud-Cortier: nos confins sahariens (1908) ; E. F. Gautier and R. Chudeau, Missions an Sahara, t. 1 "Sahara algerien," par E. F. Gautier (1908), t. 2 "Sahara sudanais," par R. Chudeau (1909) ; H. Vischer, Across the Sahara from Tripoli to Bornu (Iwo) ; H. J. Ll. Beadnell, "Sand Dunes of the Libyan Desert," Geog. Jour. (April 191o) ; E. Fallot, "Le Commerce du Sahara" Ques. dip. et col. t. 15 (1903), pp. 209-225 ; Lt.-Col. Godefroy, Transsahariens et Transafricains (Paris, 1919) ; F. R. Rodd, The People of the Veil (Tuareg Tribes) (London, 1926) ; A. Buchanan, Sahara (London, 1926) ; Augieras (Capitaine), Le Sahara Occidental (Paris, 1919) ; Hassanein Bey, A.M., The Lost Oases (London, 1925) ; C. de la Ronciere, La Decouverte de l'Afrique au Moyen Age. Cartographes et Explorateurs (Cairo, 1925) ; P. Lemoine, Afrique occidentale Handbuch der regionalen Geologie (1913) ; A. G. P. Martin, Les Oases sahariennes (1908) ; H. Hubert, Etat actuel de nos connaissances sur la Geologie de l'Afrique occidentale (1912) ; E. Haug, Sur la structure geologique du Sahara central (19°6).