Of the university buildings the façade of the library is a peculiarly rich example of late 15th-century Gothic. The cloisters are light and elegant ; the grand staircase ascending from them has a fine balustrade of foliage and figures. The Colegio de Nobles Irlandeses was built in 1521 from designs by Pedro de Ibarra. The double arcaded cloister is a fine piece of work of the best period of the Renaissance. The Jesuit College is an im mense and ugly Renaissance building begun in 1614 by Juan Gomez de Mora. The Colegio Viejo, also called San Bartolome, was rebuilt in the i8th century, and now serves as the governor's palace. The Dominican convent of San Esteban shows a mixture of styles from the 13th century onwards. The church is Gothic with a Plateresque façade of great lightness and delicacy. The convent of the Agustinas Recoletas, begun by Fontana in 1616, is in better taste than any other Renaissance building in the city. The church is rich in marble fittings and contains several fine pictures of the Neapolitan school, especially the Conception by J. Ribera (1588-1656) over the altar. The convent of the Es piritu Santo has a good door by A. Berruguete (c. 148o-1561). Many of the private houses are untouched examples of the do mestic architecture of the times in which they were built.
See B. Dorado, Compendio historico de la cindad de Salamanca (Sala manca, 1863) ; M. Villar y Macias, Historic de Salamanca (3 vols., Salamanca, 1887) ; H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vol. ii. pt. I. (London, 1895) ; E. Esperabe, Historic pragmdtica e interna de la Universidad de Salamanca (2 vols. Salamanca, 1914-17).
(X.) Battle of Salamanca, 1812. (For the operations which pre ceded this battle see PENINSULAR WAR.)-On July 22, 1812 the Allied army under Wellington (about 46,000 with 6o guns) was drawn up south of Salamanca, the left resting on the river Tormes, with a division under Pakenham on the north bank at Cabrerizos. Wellington's object was to cover Salamanca and guard his com munications through Ciudad Rodrigo with Portugal. The French under Marshal Marmont (about 42,000 with 7o guns) were col lecting towards Wellington's right, stretching southwards from Calvariza de Ariba. The country generally is undulating.
Until the morning of the battle it had been uncertain whether Marmont wished to reach Salamanca by the right or left bank of the Tormes, or to gain the Ciudad Rodrigo road, but Wellington now felt that the latter was his real objective. At daylight there was a rush by both armies for the two commanding hills of the Arapiles ; the Allies gained the northern (since termed the "Eng lish"), and the French the southern (since termed the "French") Arapiles. While Marmont was closing up his forces, a complete
change of position was carried out by Wellington. Pakenham was directed to march through Salamanca, crossing the Tormes, and move under cover to a wood near Aldea Tejada, while Wellington took up a line under cover of a ridge between Arapiles and Aldea Tejada. By noon his old right had become his left, and he was nearer to the Ciudad Rodrigo road, flanking Marmont should he move towards it.
It was not Wellington's wish (Despatches, July 21, 1812) to fight a battle "unless under very advantageous circumstances." He knew that large reinforcements were nearing the French, and, having determined to fall back towards Portugal, he began to pass his baggage along the Ciudad Rodrigo road. Marmont, about 2 P.M., seeing the dust of his baggage column, ignorant of his true position, and anxious to intercept his retreat, ordered two divisions under Maucune to push westward, while he himself attacked Ara piles. Maucune moved off, flanked by some cavalry and fifty guns, leaving a gap between him and the rest of the French. Wellington instantly took advantage of this. Directing Pakenham to attack the head of the leading French division, and a Portuguese brigade (Pack) to occupy the enemy by assaulting the south (or French) Arapiles, he prepared to bear down in strength upon Maucune's right flank. The French attack upon Arapiles was after hard fighting repulsed; and, at about 5 P.M., Maucune's force, when in confusion from the fierce attack of Pakenham and Wellington in front and flank and suffering severely, was suddenly trampled down "with a terrible clamour and disturbance" (Napier) by an irresistible charge of cavalry under Sir Stapleton Cotton. This counterstroke decided the battle, Marmont's left wing being com pletely broken. The French made a gallant but fruitless effort to retrieve the day, and repulsed Pack's attack upon the French Arapiles; but, as the light waned, Clausel, Marmont being wounded, drew off the French army towards Alba de Tormes and retired to Valladolid. Both armies lost heavily, the Allies about 6,000, the French some 15,00o men, 12 guns 2 eagles and several standards. The rout would have been even more thorough had not the castle and ford at Alba de Tormes been evacuated by its Spanish garrison without Wellington's knowledge.
Salamanca was a brilliant victory, and followed as it was by the capture of Madrid, it severely shook the French domination in Spain. (C. W. Ro.)