Sanitation of Buildings

In the United States there is quite a variety of urinals in use in hotels, clubs and public buildings. Usually they are made of vitreous china and are attached to the wall or stand on the floor. Some are flushed from overhead tanks with chain-pull, or by timed automatic-flush. Others are equipped with direct flush valves which close slowly and automatically, being adjusted to a suitable time and volume of flush. Several makes are provided with local ventilation attachments to which vent pipes may be connected to remove offensive odors and prevent them from dif fusing throughout the toilet rooms.

Lavatories.

In America the lavatories, or wash basins, are practically all made of vitreous china. Some are attached to the walls by brackets. Others are supported on legs or china pedestals.

To permit of washing in running water, if desired, the hot and cold supplies should connect into a nozzle arranged at a suitable height over the lavatory slab. The waste outlet is preferably of the "pop-up" type, the plug being operated by a knob or handle over the lavatory slab. Every lavatory should have an overflow connection and be separately trapped close to the bowl. The fix ture should have no woodwork enclosing any part. It should all be open with access for keeping it clean.

Kitchen Sinks.

These are made of enamelled cast iron, vit reous china or glazed porcelain and are set on legs, their backs be ing secured to the wall. There is

a great variety of forms on the American market. The latest and best are one-piece fixtures with sink, drain boards, backs and apron all in one casting. The sink supply should be in the form of a combination faucet which per mits the user to regulate the temperature of the water drawn. Sinks in some residences are provided with an electric dish washer compartment. Some are made in combination with a laundry tub. Some of the latest combinations comprise a sink in the middle, an electric dish washer at one end, and an electric clothes washer at the other end, all three compartments discharging their wastes through the trap under the sink.

Where much greasy dishwater will pass through a sink trap, the trap should be of a type especially designed to intercept the grease. This prevents the grease from getting into and clogging the house drains. The best type of grease trap for placing under a sink has its body in the form of a cold water jacket. Cold water to the plumbing fixtures passes through the grease trap jacket and so chills the grease in the sink waste' water much more effectively than the air, or earth-cooled grease trap. (G. S. Co.; T. N. T.)