Sao Paulo is well provided with railways, which include the pioneer line from Santos to Jundiahy (an English enterprise) which has a double track from Santos to the city of Sao Paulo, the Paulista lines which are a continuation of the English line into the interior, the Mogyana lines running northward from Cam pinas through rich coffee districts to Uberaba in Minas Geraes and into Goyaz, the Sao Paulo branch of the Central do Brazil line which passes through the eastern part of the State and pro vides communication with the national capital, the Sao Paulo and Rio Grande which crosses the States of Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande and connects with the railways of Uruguay, and the line from Sao Paulo to Puerto Esperanca. The ports of the State are Santos, which is visited by large steamers in the foreign trade, and Cananea, Iguape, S5.o Sebasti5.0 and Ubatuba which are engaged in the coasting trade only. Cananea and Iguape are chiefly known for the rice grown in their vicinity.
The capital of the State is Sao Paulo (q.v.) and its principal port and second city in importance is Santos (q.v.). The chief cities and towns, with populations in 1920 where not otherwise stated, are as follow, the enumeration being for municipalities or parishes, including large rural areas and sometimes including separate villages : Campinas (q.v.) ; Guaratingueta (43,101), on the Parahyba, 120 m. E.N.E. of Sao Paulo; Piracicaba (67,732), 85 m. N.W. of S5.o Paulo; Limeira (32,55o), in a fertile thickly settled district; Rio Claro (50,416), 135 m. N.W. of Santos, on a branch of the Paulista railway, in a fertile coffee-producing re gion, 2,030 ft. above the sea; Taubate (45,445), one of the oldest cities of the State, on the Parahyba 8o m. E.N.E. of the capital, in a rich agricultural district, with works for refining oil from the petroleum-bearing shales which are in the vicinity; Braganca (55,719), 5o m. N. of Sao Paulo in a fertile country partly de voted to sugar production and stock; Sao Jose dos Campos (30, 681); Tiete (25,125), on the Tiete river north-west of Sao Paulo; Pindamonhangaba (26,493), on the Parahyba river and Central do Brazil railway io5 m. N.E. of Sao Paulo in a long settled dis
trict, 1,770 ft. above the sea, producing coffee, sugar, rice, Indian corn, beans, rum and cattle; Sorocaba (43,323), a prosperous manufacturing and commercial town on the Rio Sorocaba and Sorocabana railway, 5o m. W. of Sao Paulo; hi', or Ytu (30,392) about 7o m. W.N.W. of Sao Paulo on the Tiete river and Ituana railway, with water-power derived from the Salto (falls) do Itu, and with important manufactures; Sao Carlos do Pinhal ; Casa Branca (26,397), in the northern coffee region; Parahybuna (19,435) ; Pirassununga (19,692) ; Batataes (21,816) ; Franca (44,308); Jacarehy (18,135); Botucatti (33,405); Jundiahy (44, 437), 86 m. N. of Santos, an important manufacturing town and railway junction, 2,320 ft. above sea-level; Ribeirao Preto (68, 838), 197 m. N. of Campinas on the Mogyana railway in a fertile coffee-producing region; Iguape (39,107), a port on the southern coast of the State, on a tide-water channel of sufficient depth for coastwise steamers, with exports of rice and timber; Lorena (15, 645), 130 m. N.E. of Sao Paulo, beautifully situated, 1,760 ft. above the sea, a station on the Central do Brazil railway, and the junction of a branch railway to the Campos do Jordao where the national Government has established a military sanatorium because of its dry, bracing climate.
Sao Paulo was settled in 1532 by the Portuguese under Martim Affonso de Souza, who established a colony near Santos, at Sao Vicente, now an unimportant village. It was originally called the capitania of Sao Vicente (organized 1534) and covered the whole of southern Brazil from Rio de Janeiro south. After the suppres sion of the captaincy grants, parts of this enormous territory were cut off from time to time to form other captaincies, from which developed the present States of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes, Matto Grosso, Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul. In 1681 Sao Paulo succeeded Sao Vicente as the capital of the captaincy.