The coal mining area in Rumania is limited to the region of Anina in the Banat but it is productive of coal of very high quality. Anina itself produces some 300,00o tons annually. Coal from the Szekul valley is similar to Welsh coal and contains 66.76% of solid carbon. The deepest and best seams are at Klokodics and Nermeth. The coal-fields of Szekul, Domany and Vasko are connected with important steelworks. Unworked beds are said to exist in the Hunyad, south of Deva. Lignite is produced in large quantities in the Hunyad and in the region between Varciarova and Bacau but the most important deposits lie in Old Rumania in Moldavia. The total lignite pro duction in 1922 was 900,00o tons. Anthracite is found in the Gori district at Schela and in Moldavia and Walachia but the total tonnage in 1922 did not exceed 201,000 tons. A natural deposit only recently exploited on a large scale is natural gas. In 1918 the region, in Transylvania of Sarmasel, Sarmgud, Zaul-de Campie, Sarosul-Ungure, Basna and Copsa Mica covering sq.km. was exploited. In general 140 million cubic metres of gas can be produced from a sq.km., it consists of almost pure "marsh" or "methane" gas with 8,716 calories to the cubic metre. It is one of the most valuable deposits of natural gas in the world. A not inconsiderable steel industry exists in the Banat, largely connected with the Banat coal-mines, with an annual output of 200,000 tons of ore. There has, however, been a decline since 1914.
The fisheries of the Danube region are a considerable com mercial asset. After the Volga fisheries those of the lower Danube are the most extensive and the richest in Europe. (The sea fisheries on the other hand, on the Rumanian coast are negligible.) The annual product of the Danube delta alone is nearly 9,000,000 kilogrammes. Elsewhere the lagoons and shallows near Giurgiu and Oltenitsa at Calarasi, Cernavoda and Harsova and near Ostrov are the most productive. Carp are the most numerous, having since 1920 amounted to nearly 3,000,00o kilogrammes in weight annually. About 15o,000 kilogrammes of sturgeon are caught annually. There is considerable scope for enlargement and im provement in the fishing industry.
In wheat, rye and other grain, Rumania is one of the richest countries of south-east Europe. Old Rumania together with Bessarabia grows about three times the quantity grown in Transyl vania. The total production is only slightly below that of Ger many and is about a fifth that of Canada. The corn grown is of a high quality and it is harvested largely by mechanical means, with which Rumanian farms are well-provided. The export trade in corn has decreased considerably since 1914, though in 1911 it represented 70% of the value of the total exports. Since then
petrol has largely replaced it in the exports of the country. The principal customers for Rumanian wheat are Belgium, Holland, Germany and Great Britain.
Of other exports there are none of great importance except wood, of which 2,500,000 tons were exported in 1924, and live stock of which some 70,000 tons were exported in the same year.
Passenger shipping amounts in all to 21,031 tons for the con nections between the Black sea ports and the outside world, the fleet consisting of 14 ships.
The railways are almost entirely State-managed and largely State-owned. In all 7,305 kilometres of line are State-owned and 3,099 privately owned but controlled and managed by the State. In 1925 there existed 2,000 locomotives and 54,000 wagons of which 4,200 were for passenger use. The tracks are almost everywhere single with the exception of the lines between Ploesti and Buzau, Bucharest and Campina and Arad-Curtici. The line used for the Orient Express enters the country at Curtici and runs by Alba Julia to Brasov and over the Carpathians by the Predeal Pass. The Black sea traffic is borne mainly by the Bucharest-Cernavoda-Constanta line, across the Danube at the great Cernavoda bridge. There is no line parallel with the Danube but the river traffic is tapped at Orsova whence a line runs north to Timisoara at Calafat, and thence a line runs north-east to Craiova, Slatina, Pitesti and Bucharest. Smaller lines from the river join the last-named line from Corabia, Turnu Magurele and Zimnicea. Another line links Bucharest with its port Giurgiu. At Braila, Galatz and Reni, lines radiate inland and so link the corn-growing areas with the Danube ports.
Warsaw is reached via Cernauti and Russia via Tighina or Cetatea Alba (Akkerman) on the Bessarabian frontier.
New lines are contemplated between Brasov and Nehoias in order to discharge Transylvanian products to the Danube ; be tween Bumbesti and Livazeni in the Hunedoara region in order to extend the coal industry; between Ilva Mica and Dorna Vatra in order to facilitate the transport of wood from Bukovina to the south.