Under Responsible Government

Although the colony is under one administration the conditions of North-West and North-East Rhodesia differ materially; 85% of the Europeans and the seat of government are in North-West Rhodesia, in proximity to the railway which, carried from Southern Rhodesia across the Zambezi by the Victoria Falls bridge in 1905, runs northward from the city of Livingstone to the Belgian Congo. The European population of North-East Rhodesia, on the other hand, is almost limited to the (approxi mately) 500 settlers engaged in the tobacco plantations. The separation of the two areas has been emphasized by an almost complete lack of communications—a factor which must continue to operate until the new east to west road from Fort Jameson to the Cape to Cairo railway has been made. As it is, the tobacco production of North-East Rhodesia, to the expansion of which the recent improvement in the finances of the colony is due, is carried 30o miles by motor lorries to railhead at Blantyre in Nyasaland, and thence by rail to be shipped at Beira. While, therefore, circumstances connect North-West Rhodesia with Southern Rhodesia, the outlook of North-East Rhodesia is to Nyasaland and the East. Although the climatic and other condi tions of the territory are not unsuitable for European colonisation, the company made little effort to introduce settlers, and, broadly speaking, under its rule the development of Northern Rhodesia was subordinated to the interests of Southern Rhodesia.

Hilton Young

these circumstances the appointment of the Hilton Young commission in 1927 was of special importance to the colony. Under the terms of reference Northern Rhodesia was classed officially as a member of the East Coast group of British Colonies. The Commission did not find themselves in complete agreement as to the disposal of the colony, but in their report (Command 3234), published in Feb. 1929, they

advised that "in the present state of communications the main in terests of Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia. economic and politi cal, lie not in association with the Eastern African territories but rather with one another and with the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia." It recommended, however, that the co-op eration which already exists between the northern territories and Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia and Zanzibar should be continued and through conferences links should be retained. (W. B. W.) BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Travel and description: D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels (1857) ; K. Mauch, Reisen im lnneren von Sud-Afrika, 1865 p (Gotha, 1874) ; T. Baines, The Gold Regions of South East Africa (1877) ; F. C. Selous, A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa (1881) ; Travel and Adventure in South East Africa (1893), Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia (1896) ; T. Bent, The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland (1892) ; Lord R. Churchill, Men, Mines, and Animals in S. Africa (1895) ; R. N. Hall, The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia (Hall and Neal) (1902) ; Prehistoric Rhodesia (Igo()) ; D. Randall-Maclver, Mediaeval Rhodesia (1906). Historical Sources: G. M. Theal, Records of South-Eastern Africa (1896-1904) ; A. Wilmot, Monomotapa (1896) ; Reports of British South Africa Co. from 1889-92 onwards. For the British offi cial publications see the annual Donzinions and Colonial Office List. For local official publications enquire at office of High Commissioner for Southern Rhodesia. General: S. Mendelssohn, South African Bib liography (illus., 1910) ; and the "Modern bibliography" in Guide to Rhodesia (1924). The latter gives full and practical information for tourists and settlers.