SANDAY, WILLIAM (1843-192o), English theological scholar, was born at Holme Pierrepont, Notts., on Aug. 1, the son of William Sanday, sheep and cattle breeder. Educated at Repton and Balliol College, Oxford, he became a scholar of Corpus Christi in 1863. He was a fellow and lecturer at Trin ity in 1866, and was ordained in 1867. In 1876 after holding va rious college livings, he was appointed principal of Hatfield Hall, Durham. In 1882 he was appointed Ireland professor of exegesis at Oxford, and in 1895 Lady Margaret professor of divinity and canon of Christ Church, positions which he held until 1919. He died at Oxford on Sept. 16, 192o. Sanday was one of the pioneers in introducing to English students the mass of work done by Continental scholars in biblical criticism. An example of the ad mirable work he accomplished in this direction is his Life of Christ in Recent Research (19o7).
His chief works are The Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel (5872) ; The Gospels in the Second Century (5876) ; The Oracles of God (1891) ; The Early History and Origin of the Doctrine of Biblical Inspiration (1893) ; Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (with Dr. Headlam, 1895) ; Outlines of the Life of Christ (19o5, a republication of an article in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible) ; Christologies, Ancient and Modern (Iwo) and Personality in Christ and in Ourselves (i9ii); Bishop Gore's Challenge to Criticism (1914); The New Testament Background (1918).
is a method of cleaning or marking surfaces by the discharge of sand, steel shot or grit through a nozzle at high velocity by means of compressed air. The abrasive action can be effected on internal parts without difficulty. Concisely, the applications of the process may be summarized as follows:— Cleaning sand from castings, with or without a view to painting or enameling, or annealing; cleaning scale from stampings for similar reasons ; cleaning partly-finished products, as sheets, tubes, strips, sometimes for subsequent electric or gas welding, or motor-car and cycle parts, etc., and numerous fittings, prior to tinning, galvanizing or plating; cleaning tyre moulds, printers' lithographic sheets, pottery ware after firing, iron and stone build ings and painted or rusty ironwork, hardened tools to enable cracks to be detected; sharpening and dressing files; matting ebonite articles to improve insulation and appearance ; frosting, badging and marking glassware of all kinds.
Small apparatus for marking and engraving glass is worked with a hand bellows, but in larger outfits a power-driven com pressor is employed. Pressures range from about 15 lb. to 8o lb. per square inch. Fine sand is selected for glass decoration and coarse sand or flint for uses where much is lost through no collecting apparatus being installed. For most metal work chilled round or crushed iron shot is best, as it lasts a much longer time than sand or flint before going into useless dust. The outfits are constructed in many ways, some having a flexible hose carry ing the blast nozzle, and the operator wears a safety breathing helmet and plays the nozzle on the work. Another way is to have a metal cabinet with window through which the operator looks while he turns the object about under the fixed sand jet nozzle; rubber gauntlets are worn, passed through arm holes in the door. Castings are dealt with on machines, including the tumbling barrel, which constantly turns the castings over to expose all the surfaces to the action of the jet led through one or both ends. The rotary table cleaner carries the castings past a rubber curtain into a chamber containing one or more jets, and then out again. The reciprocating table design conveys large or long castings through the blast chamber, out to the other side, on which they are turned over and returned through by the table. In the Mathewson file-sharpening system a stream of very fine sand and water (in effect a liquid grindstone) is driven against the teeth by a steam jet. The backs of the teeth are thus ground off ; newly-cut files have the burr driven away, much improving the cutting power, and worn files are freshened up practically as new. The sketch shows the apparatus, on which the file is laid and moved to and fro by hand until found to be quite sharp.