From the beginning of the loth century to the present time, the tendency in American song writing has been towards a more distinctly national flavour rather than to reflect European tradi tions. The composers in the following list belong to the 2oth century rather than to the I9th:-Sidney Homer (1864- ), "Requiem," "Banjo Song"; Harvey Worthington Loomis (1864 "In the Foggy Dew"; Henry Franklin Belknap Gilbert (1868-1928), "Pirate Song"; Henry Hadley (1871-1937), "The Face of All the World Has Changed"; Charles Fonteyn Manney (1872- ), "Consecration"; Arthur Farwell (1872- ), "Drake's Drum"; Daniel Gregory Mason (1873- ), sians" (a cycle) ; Edward I. Horsman (1873-1918), "The Bird of the Wilderness"; William Armour Thayer (1874-1933), "MY Laddie"; Charles Gilbert Spross (1874- ), "Will o' the Wisp"; Frederic Ayres (1876-1926), "Sea Dirge"; John Alden Carpenter (1876- ), "Gitanjali" (a cycle) ; Oley Speaks (1876- ), "On the Road to Mandalay," "Sylvia"; Chester Barker Searle (1876- ), "The Rose and the Heart"; Louis Campbell-Tipton (1877-1921), "A Spirit Flower"; David Stanley Smith ), "Portraits" (a cycle) ; Frank La Forge (1879- ), "To a Messenger"; Stanley R. Avery (1879- ), "Song of the Timber Trail"; Charles Wakefield Cadman (1881- ), "From the Land of the Sky-Blue Water"; Franklin Morris Class (1881 1926), "To You, Dear Heart"; Arthur Bergh (1882- ), "The Congo"; Geoffrey O'Hara (1882- ), "The Wreck of the Julie Plante"; Bainbridge Crist (1883- ), "Chinese Mother-Goose Rhymes" (a cycle) Charles Tomlinson Griffes (1884-1920), "An Old Song Resung"; Deems Taylor (1885- ), "Captain Strat ton's Fancy"; Wintter S. Watts (1886- ), "Miniver Cheevy"; Harry Reginald Spier (1888- ), "Ultima Rosa"; Arthur Walter Kramer (189o- ), "The Faltering Dusk"; Robert Armbruster (1896- ), "The High Barbaree"; Oscar J. Fox, "The Hills of Home," "Rounded Up in Glory" (cowboy spiritual) ; J. Bertram Fox (1881- ), "Ich wandre durch die stille Nacht." Special tribute, as they have developed a type distinctly their own, should be paid such negro composers and compilers as Henry Thacker Burleigh (1866- ), negro spirituals; J. Rosa munde Johnson (1873- ), "Nobody Knows the Trouble"; William C. Handy (1873- ), collection of Blues; Robert Nathaniel Dett (1882- ), religious folk-songs of the negro as sung at Hampton Institute.
In America, as in no other country, the women are rapidly approaching the men in the excellence of the songs they are writing. Some of the most prominent women composers of
American birth are :-Mary Turner Salter (1856- ), "The Cry of Rachel"; Carrie Jacobs Bond (1862- ), "A Perfect Day"; Margaret Ruthven Lang (1867- ), "Irish Love Song"; Amy Marcy Beach (1867- ), "The Year's at the Spring"; Har riet Ware (1877- ), "The Cross"; Mabel Wheeler Daniels (1878- ), "At Daybreak"; Gena Branscombe (1881- ), "Hail Ye Tyme of Holiedayes!", Lily Teresa Strickland (1887 ), "Since Laddie Went Awa' "; Marion Bauer (1889- ),"The night has a thousand eyes"; Mana Zucca (1891- ), "The Big Brown Bear"; Rhea Silberta (1900- ), "Wild Geese." What is undoubtedly a purely American type is the so-called popular song, often referred to as "sob-ballad." Some of the leaders in this field have been :-Daniel Decatur Emmett (1818 1904), "Dixie's Land"; Charles K. Harris (1868-1930), "After the Ball"; Theodore F. Morse (1875-1924), "Blue Bell"; Fred erick W. Vanderpool (1877- ), "If winter comes"; Ernest R. Ball (1878-1928), "Love Me and the World is Mine," "Mother Machree"; Jerome David Kern (1885- ), "Who?," "Left all alone again Blues"; Irving Berlin (1888- ), "An Orange Grove in California"; George Gershwin (1898-1937), "Blue Monday," "Lady, be good!" The five outstanding names among American song-writers are :- Francis Hopkinson, Stephen Foster, George Whitefield Chadwick, Edward MacDowell and Deems Taylor. Hopkinson produced his best work in 1788, Foster in 1850-51, Chadwick shortly before 1900, MacDowell around 1900, and Taylor around 1920. The lapses of time between these really outstanding song writers are becoming less, which presages well, if the present rate of diminution continues. (R. WER.) The following list of composers includes foreign-born, whose work was entirely or largely in the United States: Charles Martin Loeffler (1861-1935), "To Helen"; Victor Herbert (Ireland, 1859-1924), "The Call to Freedom"; Carl Busch (Denmark, 1862— ), "The Sea Hath Its Pearls"; Walter Damrosch (Ger many, 1862— ), "Danny Deever"; Louis Victor Saar (Holland, f868-1937), "To One I Love"; Bruno Huhn (England, 1871 ), "Invictus"; Cecil Forsyth (England, 1870— ), "0 Red Is the English Rose"; Arthur Penn (England, 1880— ), "Smilin' Through"; Richard Hagemann (Holland, 1882— ), "At the Well."