The marked feature of Schleiermacher's thought in every de partment is the effort to combine the antithetic conceptions of other thinkers. He is realistic and idealistic, individualistic and universalistic, monistic and dualistic, sensationalist and intellec tualist, naturalist and supernaturalist, rationalist and mystic, gnostic and agnostic. Apart from the positive and permanent value of the higher unities which he succeeds in establishing, the suggestiveness of his discussions of the great points at issue in all the principal fields of human thought, unsatisfactory as many of his positions may be considered, make him one of the most instruc tive of modern thinkers. And, since the focus of his almost uni versal thought and inquiry and of his rich culture was religion and theology, he must be regarded as the classical representative of modern effort to reconcile science and philosophy with religion and theology, and the modern world with the Christian church.
Schleiermacher's collected works were published in three sections: (I) Theological (II vols.) ; (2) Sermons (io vols., ed. 5873-74, 5 vols.) (3) Philosophical and Miscellaneous (9 vols., 1835-64). His Pddagogische Schriften were separately published by Platz (3rd ed., 1902). Of lives the best are his own correspondence; Aus Schleiermachers Leben in Briefen, by W. Dilthey (1858-63, in 4 vols., Eng. trans. by Rowan) ; Leben Schleiermachers by Dilthey (vol. i., 1870, the period from 5768-5804) ; Friedrich Schleiermacher, ein Lebens- and Charakterbild, by D. Schenkel (Elberfeld, 1868) ; a selection of the letters by M. Rade (Jena, 1906). See also E. von
Willick, Aus Schleiermachers Hause, Jugenderinnerungen seines Stief sohnes (1909). The accounts and critiques of his philosophy, ethics and theology are numerous ; some of the most valuable are: J. Schaller, V orlesungen fiber Schleiermacher (Halle, 1844) ; G. Weisenborn, Dar stellung and Kritik der Schleiermacher'schen Glaubenslehre (1849) ; F. Vorlander, Schleiermachers Sittenlehre (Marburg, 1851) ; W. Bender, Schleiermachers Theologie mit ihren philosophischen Grundlagen (1876 78) ; 0. Ritschl, Schleiermachers Stellung zum Christentum in seinen Reden Uber die Religion (1888) ; and Schleiermachers Theorie von der Frommigkeit (1897) ; 0. Kirn, Schleiermacher and die Romantik (1895) ; H. Bleek, Die Grundlagen der Christologie Schleiermachers (1898) ; M. Fischer, Schleiermacher (1899) ; Ullmann, Das Bild des Christentums bei den grossen deutschen Idealisten (1901), and Schleier macher der Kirchenvater des 19. Jahrhunderts (1907) ; Stephan, Die Lehre Schleiermachers von der Erlosung (i9oi) ; Theile, Schleier machers Theologie and ihre Bedeutung fur die Gegenwart (1903) ; G. Thimme, Die religionsphilosophischen Prdmissen der Schleier macher'schen Glaubenslehre (1wl) ; H. Sueskind, Der Einfluss Schell ings auf die Entwicklung von Schleiermachers System (1909) ; F. Kattenbusch, Von Schleiermacher zu Ritschl (1903) ; E. Cramaussel, La Philosophie religieuse de Schleiermacher (1909). Full bibliography in iTherweg, Grundriss der Gesch. der Philosophic, Bd. 4 (5923).
(J. F. Sm.; X.)