Italian Somaliland

A notable event in the history of the protectorate at the be ginning of the loth century was the co-operation of the Italian authorities in the campaigns against the Mullah Abdullah.

The station of Lugh, the most advanced point occupied by Italy, had been founded by Capt. Vittorio Bottego in 1895. In 1896 negotiations were opened for defining the Italian-Abyssinian fron tier in the Somali regions. In 1897 it was agreed that from the point on the British Somaliland frontier where 47° E. intersected 8° N. the frontier line should be drawn, at a distance of about i8o m. from the Indian ocean, to the Juba. By the arrangement of 19o7 with the Negus Menelik (ratified by a convention dated May 16, 1908) the Benadir coast obtained a suitable hinterland. Due to the Treaty of London (1915) and rearrangements at the close of the World War, Britain in 1925 ceded Kisimayu and the right bank of the Juba to Italy (see JUBALAND). For the Italian ex pedition of 1935-36 against Abyssinia, see ITALY, also ABYSSINIA.

BIBLIOGRARHY.—a. General descriptions, history and books of travel:—R. Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa (1856) ; F. L. James, The Unknown Horn of Africa (1888) ; A. Donaldson Smith, Through Unknown African Countries (London, 1897) ; V. Bottego, Il Guiba esplorata (Rome, 1895) ; L. Robecchi-Bricchetti, Somalia e Benadir . . . Prima traversata della Somalia italiana (Milan, 1899) and Nel paese degli Aromi (Milan, 1903) ; H. G. C. Swayne, Seven teen Trips through Somaliland (3rd ed., 1903) contains a special fauna section; G. Ferrand, Les Somalis (19°3) ; W. H. Schoff, "Cin namon, Cassia and Somaliland" Jnl. Amer. Orient. S., vol. xl., part 4 (1920) .

b. Ethnology, flora, fauna, geology, etc..

P. Paulitschke, Ethnog raphie Nordost-Afrikas, Die materielle Cultur der Dandkil, Galla und Somdl, vol. ii. (1893) ; Die geistige Cultur der Danail (1896), and Beitrdge zur Ethnographie und Anthropologic der Soma, Galla und Harrari (Leipzig, 1886) , containing fine plates ; H. M. Abud, Gene alogies of the Somal . . . (1896) ; J. W. Gregory, "The Geology of

Somaliland," Geol. Mag. (1896) ; E. Krenkel, Handbuch der Reg. Geol. 26 Heft. Band VII. Abessomalien (Heidelberg, 1926) ; C. V. A. Peel, Somaliland . . . with a complete list of every animal and bird known to inhabit that country . . . (19oo), and "On a collection of Insects and Arachnids," in Proc. Zool. Soc. (19oo) ; A. Engler on the flora in the Sitzungsberichte of the Prussian Academy of Science, Nos. x.–xii. (1904) ; R. E. Drake-Brockman, The Mammals of Somaliland (London, 191o).

c. Language.

F. M. Hunter, Grammar of the Somali Language (Bombay, 188o) ; E. de Larajasse and C. de Sampont, A Practical Grammar of the Somali Language (London, 1897) ; E. de Larajasse, Somali-English and English-Somali Dictionary (London, 1897) ; Leo Reinisch, Die Somalie Sprache (Vienna, 19oo et seq.).

d. For the various divisions:—(s) British: the annual reports issued by the Colonial Office, London ; R. E. Drake Brockman, British Somaliland (1917) ; Major H. Rayne, Sun, Sand, and Somalis (1921) ; Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-1904 (2 vols., 1907) D. Jardine, The Mad Mullah of Somaliland (1923) ; Sir H. B. Kittermaster, "British Somaliland," Jnl. African Soc. (July 1928). (2) French: French Somaliland, a British Foreign Office handbook (192o) and the "Cote francaise des Somalis"—annual reports by the French Colonial office. (3) Italian: Somalia italiana, 1885-1895 (official "Green Book") ; Relazione sulla Somalia italiana (Colonial Office, Rome, 1912) ; C. Rossetti, Somalia italiana settentrionale, with map (Rome, 1906) ; G. de Martino (sometime governor of the colony), La Somalia Nostra (1913) ; Italian Somaliland, British For eign Office handbook (192o) ; "La Occupazione della Somalia setten trionale" in L'Italia Coloniale (Milan, 1926) ; Monographie della Regioni della Somalia, No. 3, La Valleta del Giuba (Turin, 1928).

The Bibliografia etiopica of G. Fumagalli (Milan, 1893) includes works dealing with Somaliland.