Scientific Management
Scientific Management. The Science Of Industrial Management Began In A Machine-shop And Was There Developed By Careful And Systematic Experiment And Observation And Guided, Controlled And Directed By An Able, Patient And Persistent Student, Frederick Winslow Taylor (q.v.). Writing In 19ii, After He Had Retired From Practice, Taylor Said "at ...
Scientific Management In Europe
Scientific Management In Europe Record Of The Amount Of Work Done, But Only How Much Of The Time The Machines Are Actually Operating, How Much Of It They Are Idle, And For What Reason. Thus Drill Press 207 Is Shown To Have Had No One To Operate It On Monday ...
Scientific Method
Scientific Method Is A Collective Term Denoting The Various Processes By The Aid Of Which The Sciences Are Built Up. In A Wide Sense, Any Mode Of Investigation By Which Scientific Or Other Impartial And Systematic Knowledge Is Acquired Is Called A Scientific Method. Such Methods Are Of Two Principal ...
Scillitan Martyrs
Scillitan Martyrs, A Company Of Early North Afri Can Christians Who Suffered Under Marcus Aurelius In A.d. I80, And Whose Acta Are At Once The Earliest Documents Of The Church Of Africa And The Earliest Specimen Of Christian Latin. The Martyrs Take Their Name From Scilla (or Scillium), A Town ...
Scilly Isles
Scilly Isles, Group Of Small Islands, Off Cornwall, Eng Land, 25 M. W. By S. Of Land's End. They Form An Outlying Member Of The Series Of Granite Masses Of Cornwall And Contain A Few Metalliferous Veins. The Origin Of Their Name Has Never Been Authoritatively Settled. The Islands Are ...
Scone
Scone, A Parish Of Perthshire, Scotland, Containing Old Scone, The Site Of An Historic Abbey And Palace, And New Scone, A Modern Village, 2 M. N. Of Perth, Near The Left Bank Of The Tay. Pop. Of Parish (1931) 2,559. It Became The Capital Of Pictavia, The Kingdom Of Northern ...
Scopas
Scopas, Probably Of Parian Origin, The Son Of Aristander, A Great Greek Sculptor Of The 4th Century B.c. Although Classed As An Athenian, And Similar In Tendency To Praxiteles, He Was Really A Cosmopolitan Artist, Working Largely In Asia And Pelopon Nesus. The Extant Works With Which He Is Associated ...
Scopolamine
Scopolamine. Scopolamine Or Hyoscine Is A Complex Alkaloid Closely Related To Atropine And Having The Chemical Formula Ci7h.n04. It Is Laevorotary To Polarised Light But In Its Commercial Form May Be Mixed With Its Dextrorotary Isomer. Scopolamine Occurs In Varying Proportions And Is Extracted From Deadly Nightshade, Henbane, Thornapple And ...
Scorpion
Scorpion, The Name For The Order Scorpiones Of The Arach Nida (q.v.), Distinguished By Having The Last Five Segments Of The Body Modified To Form A Flexible Tail, Armed With A Sting Consisting Of A Vesicle Holding A Pair Of Poison Glands, And Of A Sharp Spine Behind The Tip ...
Scotland
Scotland, That Portion Of Great Britain Which Lies North Of The English Boundary; It Also Comprises The Outer And Inner Hebrides And Other Islands Off The West Coast, And The Orkney And Shetland Islands Off The North Coast. With England Lying To The South, It Is Bounded On The North ...
Scots Law
Scots Law. At The Union Of The Parliaments Of England And Scotland, In 1707, The Legal Systems Of The Two Countries Were As Disparate As Was Reasonably Possible In Two Civilizations Ap Proximately Equal. Scotland, Mainly In The Preceding Century, Had Adopted Roman Law, As Developed, And In Some Respects ...
Scottish Literature
Scottish Literature. In A Survey Of The Whole Stream Of Scottish Literature Two Main Currents May Be Recognized, The One Literary And Often Of An Artificial Or Academic Type; The Other Popular. The Former Is Represented By The Group Known As The Scottish Chaucerians, By The 17th Century Court Poets, ...
Scranton
Scranton, A City Of North-eastern Pennsylvania, U.s.a., The County Seat Of Lackawanna County; 534 M. W.n.w. Of New York City, On The Lackawanna River And Federal Highways 6, Ii And 611. It Is Served By The Central Of New Jersey, The Dela Ware And Hudson, The Erie, The Lackawanna, And ...
Screamer
Screamer (palamedea Cornuta), A Bird Inhabiting Guiana And The Amazon Valley. About The Size Of A Turkey, It Is Remark Able For The Slender "horn" More Than Sin. Long, On Its Crown, The Two Sharp Spurs On Each Wing, And Its Long Toes. Its Plumage Is Mainly Greyish-black Above With ...
Screw
Screw, A Cylindrical Or Conical Piece Of Wood Or Metal Hav Ing A Helical Groove Running Round It. The Surface Thus Formed Constitutes An External Screw, While A Similar Groove Cut Round The Interior Of A Cylindrical Hole, As In A Nut, Constitutes An Internal Screw. The Ridge Between Successive ...
Scribes
Scribes, A Famous Jewish Group Frequently Mentioned To Gether With The Pharisees (q.v.), In The Gospels. Their Rise Is Connected In The Closest Possible Manner With The Study Of The Torah (law). This Study And Understanding Of The Torah Was Highly Complex In Character; It Followed, Therefore, That The Exist ...
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae, In Botany, A Family Of Seed Plants Belonging To The Sympetalous Section Of Dicotyledons And A Mem Ber Of The Series Tubiflorae. It Is A Cosmopolitan Order Containing About 200 Genera With About 2,60o Species ; The Majority Occur In Temperate Regions, The Numbers Diminishing Rapidly Towards The Tropics ...
Sculpture
Sculpture, The Art Of Representing Observed Or Imagined Objects In Solid Materials And In Three Dimensions. The Field Of Sculpture Is So Vast That It Cannot Be Conveniently Covered In A Single Article. It Has Therefore Been Divided Into A Number Of Parts Incorporated Under Various Subjects. Undoubtedly The Beginnings ...
Scurvy
Scurvy (scorbutus), A "deficiency" Disease, Characterized By Debility, Blood Changes, Spongy Gums And Haemorrhages In The Tissues Of The Body. In Former Times This Disease Was Common And Very Fatal Among Sailors. Scurvy Has Also Frequently Broken Out Among Soldiers On Campaign, In Beleaguered Cities, Among Com Munities In Times ...
Scutage Or Escuage
Scutage Or Escuage, The Pecuniary Commutation, Under The Feudal System, Of The Military Service Due From The Holder Of A Knight's Fee. The Name Is Derived From His Shield (scutum). The Term Is Sometimes Loosely Applied To Other Pecun Iary Levies On The Basis Of The Knight's Fee. It Used ...
Scutari
Scutari (albanian, Skodra), A Town Of Albania. Pop. (1930) Was 29,209, Of Whom 54% Are Roman Catholics, 38% Muslims, And 8% Orthodox. Scutari Lies In A Plain Surrounded By Lofty Mountains, Except Where It Adjoins The Lake. Malaria Is Prevalent In Summer As The Town Is Very Liable To Flooding, ...
Scylax Of Caryanda
Scylax Of Caryanda (in Caria), Greek Historian, Lived In The Time Of Darius Hystaspis (521-485 B.c.), Who Com Missioned Him To Explore The Course Of The Indus. He Started From Caspatyrus (caspapyrus In Hecataeus; The Site Cannot Be Identified: See V. A. Smith, Early Hist. Of India, 2nd Ed., 1908, ...
Scyphozoa
Scyphozoa, A Group Of Jellyfish Belonging To That Series Of Animals Known As The Coelenterata (q.v.) Whose General Char Acteristics Are Described In A Separate Article, Other Groups Of Jellyfish Being Dealt With In The Articles Hydrozoa And Cteno Phora. The Scyphozoan Jellyfish Differ From All Others In Their Anatomical ...
Scythia
Scythia, Originally (e.g., In Herodotus Iv. 1-142) The Country Of The Scythae Or The Country Over Which The Nomad Scythae Were Lords ; That Is, The Steppe From The Carpathians To The Don. With The Disappearance Of The Scythae As An Ethnic And Political Entity, The Name Of Scythia Gives ...
Sea Laws
Sea Laws, A Title Which Came Into Use Among Writers On Maritime Law In The I6th Century, And Was Applied By Them To Certain Mediaeval Collections Of Usages Of The Sea Recognized As Having The Force Of Customary Law, Either By The Judgments Of A Maritime Court Or By The ...
Sea Power
Sea Power. The Term Means, Essentially, The Influence Which A Nation Can Exert To Secure Its Rights And Uphold Its Interests On The Seas And Oceans Of The World Both In Peace And In War. It Also Implies The Ability To Deny The Free Use Of The Sea To An ...
Sea Sickness
Sea-sickness, The Symptoms Experienced By Many Per Sons When Subjected To The Pitching And Rolling Motion Of A Vessel At Sea. Identical Symptoms Are Liable To Occur In Flying, And In Some Persons Even In Railway Travelling. They Generally Show Themselves, Soon After The Vessel Has Begun To Roll, By ...
Seadiah
Seadiah (or Saadia ; In Arabic Said) Ben Joseph (892-942), Was Born In A.d. 892 At Dilaz In The Fayyum, Whence He Is Often Called Al-fayyumi. Although He Is Justly Regarded As The Greatest Figure In The Literary And Political History Of Mediaeval Judaism, Nothing Certain Is Known Of His ...
Seal Fisheries
Seal Fisheries. The Animals Taken By Sealers Are Mem Bers Of Several Genera, But Are Alike In Being Gregarious In Habit, And In Producing Their Young On Shore, At Well Defined Seasons, At Places Which Are Revisited Year After Year. Their Meat, Hides, Fur And Blubber Are Of The Greatest ...
Seals
Seals. The Word "seal" (lat. Sigillum, O.fr. Scel) Is Em Ployed As A Term To Describe Both The Implement For Making The Impression, And The Impression Itself ; This Article Will Be Confined To The Latter Usage Only, Except When The Seal Is Referred To As The Matrix. In The ...