Solanaceae
Solanaceae, In Botany, A Family Of Dicotyledons Belong Ing To The Sub-class Sympetalae (or Gamopetalae) And To The Series Polemoniales, Containing 72 Genera With About 1,75o Species, Widely Distributed Through The Tropics, But Passing Into The Tem Perate Zones. The Chief Centre Of The Family Lies In Central And South ...
Solder
Solder, An Alloy Easily Melted And Used As A Cement To Unite Two Metallic Surfaces. The Derivation Is Through The French From Lat. Soldare, To Make Firm. The Soft Solders Are Mainly Compounds Of Tin And Lead, And Vary Widely In Composition. Common Tinner's Solder Is Composed Of Equal Parts ...
Solferino
Solferino, 5 M. W. Of The River Mincio, Was The Scene Of A Battle Between The Franco-sardinians, Commanded By Napoleon Iii., And The Austrians Under Francis Joseph. Defeated At Ma Genta, June 4, 1859, The Austrians Under Gyulai Retreated Across The Mincio And Reorganized Their Forces Around Verona. Francis Joseph ...
Solicitor
Solicitor, In England, An Officer Of The Supreme Court Of Judicature Qualified To Conduct Legal Proceedings For His Clients: See Also Attorney. It Seems That Until 1873 There Was A Dis Tinction Between The Terms "solicitor" And "attorney." Solici Tors Appear To Have Been At First Distinguished From Attorneys As ...
Soliman I
Soliman I.,' The "magnificent" (1494-1566), Sultan Of Turkey, Succeeded His Father Selim I. In 152o. His Birth Coin Cided With The Opening Year Of The Loth Century Of Mussulman Chronology (a.h. 900), The Most Glorious Period In The History Of Islam. Though In Turkey He Is Distinguished Only As The ...
Solomon
Solomon, Son Of David, Succeeded His Father On The Throne Of Israel C. 974 And Reigned To C. 937 B.c. In The Story Of David's Intrigue With Bathsheba (2 Samuel Xi.—xii. 25) Solomon Is The Second Child Of The Union, Born After David Had Made Her His Wife, And After ...
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands (ger. Salomon 'mein), An Archi Pelago Of The Western Pacific Ocean, Included In Melanesia, And Forming A Chain (in Continuation Of That Of The Admiralty Islands And New Mecklenburg In The Bismarck Archipelago) From N.w. To S.e. Between 4o' And 162° 3o' E., 5° And I R° S., ...
Solon
Solon, Athenian Statesman, The Son Of Execestides Of The Family Of Codrus, Was Born About 638 B.c. The Prodigality Of His Father Made It Necessary For Solon To Maintain Himself By Trade, Especially Abroad. In His Youth He Became Well Known As The Author Of Amatory Poems And Later Of ...
Solor
Solor And Alor Islands, A Group Of Islands Between Flores And Timor, An Eastward Extension Of Flores, One Of The Lesser Sunda Islands, In The Dutch East Indies. They Are From West To East Solor, Adunara (both Small), Lomblen, Pantar And Alor (the Largest). Alor, Divided From Timor By Ombai ...
Solothurn
Solothurn (fr. Soleure), A Canton In North-west Switzer Land; Total Area (1923-24) Is 305.5 Sq.m., Of Which 96.7% Are Reckoned As Productive. This Is Higher Than For Any Other Swiss Canton. Solothurn Has A Most Irregular Shape, Dependent On The Fact That The Canton Consists Of Territories Won At Different ...
Solothurn_2
Solothurn (fr. Soleure), The Capital Of The Swiss Can Ton Of That Name, An Ancient Little Town, Situated On The River Aar. In 1930 It Had 13,484 Inhabitants, Almost All German-speak Ing, With A Small Catholic Majority. A I6th-century Rhyme Claims For The Town Of Solothurn The Fame Of Being ...
Solutions
Solutions. When Sugar Is Put In Contact With Water It Dissolves And The Liquid So Obtained Has The Following Properties Which Are Characteristic Of Solutions:— (i ) It Is Homogeneous, I.e., It Is Not Possible To Distinguish By Any Means, As For Example By The Most Powerful Microscope, Parts Which ...
Solutions Of Electrolytes
Solutions Of Electrolytes Properties Of Electrolytes.—an Electrolyte Is A Substance Which Is A Conductor Of Electricity Either In The Molten State Or In Solution (see Electrolysis, And Electricity, Conduction Of, In Liquids). In Order To Account For This Electrical Conductivity, R. Clausius (1857) Surmised That These Substances Were Dis Sociated ...
Somaliland
Somaliland, A Country Of East Africa, So Named From Its Somali Inhabitants. It Is Sometimes Called The "eastern Horn Of Africa," Because It Projects Sharply Into The Indian Ocean. In General Outline It Is An Irregular Triangle, With Apex At Cape Guardafui. From The Apex The North Side Extends Over ...
Somersetshire
Somersetshire, A South-western County Of England, Bounded North And North-west By The Bristol Channel, North And North-east By Gloucestershire, North-east And East By Wiltshire, South-east By Dorsetshire, South-west And West By Devonshire. The Area Is 1,630.3 Sq. Miles. The County, Orographically, Consists Of A Basin Surrounded On Three Sides By ...
Somerville
Somerville, A City Of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, U.s.a., On The Mystic River, Surrounded By Boston (charles Town), Cambridge, Arlington And Medford. It Is Served By The Boston And Maine Railroad. Pop. (1920) 93,091 (26% Foreign Born White, Over Half From Canada, England And Ireland) And 103,908 In 1930 Federal Census. ...
Somme
Somme, A Department Of France, Formed In 1790 Of A Large Part Of The Province Of Picardy (comprising Vermandois, Santerre, Amienois, Ponthieu, Vimeu And Marquenterre) And A Small Portion Of Artois. Pop. (1931), 466,626. Area, 2,443 Sq. Miles. It Is Bounded On The North By Pas-de-calais, East By Aisne, South ...
Sonata
Sonata, In Music, Originally A Piece "played" As Opposed To "cantata," A Piece Sung. By The Time Of Corelli The Term Had Come To Mean A Group Of Instrumental Movements. (a Move Ment Is A Piece Of Music Forming Or Starting As If To Form, A Com Plete Musical Design.) ...
Sonata Forms
Sonata Forms, In Music. The Sonata Forms (see Sonata Above) Cover The Whole Ground Of Instrumental Music From C. P. E. Bach To The Advent Of Schumann's Pianoforte Lyrics And Liszt's Symphonic Poems, And Are Still Living Forms. Their Rise Made Gluck's Reform Of Opera Possible ; For They Represent ...
Song
Song. All Song, Indeed All Music, Is Based Upon Folk-song. Folk-song In Europe Reached What May Be Considered Its Highest Point Of Development In The 15th And I6th Centuries. There Is, To Be Sure, An Antiquarian Interest Attaching To The Melodic Side Of The Songs Of The Troubadours, Trouveres And ...
Song Birds
Song Birds, Birds Whose Vocal Expression Resembles Music. Technically The Super-family Oscines, "song Birds," Includes Nearly All The Families Of Perching Birds (passeres), About Five Thousand Species. Among The Perching Birds It Excludes Such Groups As The Old World Pittas, And The New World Flycatchers (tyrannidae) Each Species Of Which ...
Song Of Birds
Song Of Birds. Though Aesthetically We Ascribe The Power Of Song Only To Such Birds As Produce A Series Of Melodious Notes Forming A Coherent Refrain, Yet, As They Are Commonly Pro Duced In Greatest Perfection Only In Association With Reproductive Activities, All Sounds, Musical Or Otherwise, Used To Give ...
Sonnet
Sonnet. Like Most Beginnings The Genesis Of The Sonnet Is Somewhat Obscure. On The Whole, The Most Probable Account Is That It Sprang, As The Result Of Endless Experiments, From The Popular Short Poems Sung, In Early Mediaeval Times, With Or With Out Refrain, To Musical Accompaniment, As The Idyl ...
Soo Chow
Soo Chow, A Town In The Province Of Kiang-su, With A Population Estimated (1926) At 500,000. It Is On The Grand Canal To The East Of Lake Tai-hu And About 55 M. W.n.w. Of Shanghai, With Which It Is Connected By Rail. The Walls Are About I O M. In ...
Sophia Alekseyevna 1657 1704
Sophia Alekseyevna (1657-1704), Tsarevna And Regent Of Russia, Was The Third Daughter Of Tsar Alexius And Maria Miloslayskaya. Educated On Semi-ecclesiastical Lines By The Learned Monk Of Kiev, Polotsky, She Emancipated Herself Betimes From The Traditional Tyranny Of The Teem, Or Women's Quarters. Setting Aside Court Etiquette, She Had Nursed ...
Sophists
Sophists, The Name Given By The Greeks About The Middle Of The 5th Century B.c. To Certain Teachers Of A Superior Grade Who, Distinguishing Themselves From Philosophers On The One Hand And From Artists And Craftsmen On The Other, Claimed To Prepare Their Pupils, Not For Any Particular Study Or ...
Sophocles 495 406
Sophocles (495-406 B.c.), Greek Tragic Poet, The Son Of Sophillus, Was Born At Colonus In The Neighbourhood Of Athens. The Date Assigned For The Poet's Birth Is In Accordance With The Tale That Young Sophocles, Then A Pupil Of The Musician Lamprus, Was Chosen To Lead The Chorus Of Boys ...
Special Types Of Power
Special Types Of Power Ships As The Steamship Improved And As The Shipping Business Be Came More Complicated And Exacting, Special Types Came Into Existence In Considerable Numbers. Train Ferries.—the 417-ton Steam Train Ferry "leviathan," Built In 1849 For The North British Railway Company To Run Across The Firth Of ...
Sporting Rifles
Sporting Rifles Modern Sporting Rifles Using Smokeless Cordite, Nitro-glycerine Or Nitro-cellulose Powders Are Various And Differ According To The Requirements They Are Wanted To Fulfil. Dangerous And Non Dangerous Game Call For Different Requirements And The Former Can Be Subdivided Into Thick-skinned Animals, Such As Elephant, Rhinoc Eros, Buffalo And ...
St Sebastian
Sebastian, St., A Christian Martyr Whose Festival Is Cele Brated On Jan. 20. According To St. Ambrose (in Psalm 118, Oct. 2o) Sebastian Was A Native Of Milan, Went To Rome At The Height Of Diocletian's Persecution, And There Suffered Martyrdom. The Acta Of St. Sebastian, Falsely Attributed To The ...
Stone Carving
Stone Carving.) When Placed In The Open, Lead Will Also Take On A Very Pleasing Colour, A Soft Warm Grey Which Always Makes An Agreeable Spot. Lead Is Especially Suited To Fountain Figures, And Very Often When Seen In The Moonlight It Takes On A Beautiful Silvery Tint, An Effect ...
Stone Carving
Stone Carving To A Sculptor, In The True Sense Of The Word (sculpere, To Carve), A Knowledge Of The Nature Of Marble Is Essential, For In Marble He Visualizes His Finished Work. However, It Often Happens That He Is Ignorant Through Lack Of Previous Training Of The Very Corner Stone ...
Sturlason 1179 1241 Snorri
Snorri, Sturlason (1179-1241), The Celebrated Ice Landic Historian, The Youngest Son Of A Chief In The Vestfir6ir (western Fiords), Was Brought Up By A Powerful Chief, Jon Lopts Son, In Odda, Who Seems First To Have Awakened In Him An Interest For History And Poetry. His Career Begins With His ...
Subsocial Insects
Subsocial Insects Insects With Incipiently Social Or Subsocial Behaviour Belong To Diverse Groups And Exhibit Parental Care For Their Offspring In Various Ways. In The Common Earwig (q.v.) The Female Deposits Her Eggs In A Group In An Excavation Below The Surface Of The Soil And Rests Over Them Until ...
Sulpicius Severus
Severus, Sulpicius (c. 363–c• 425), Christian Writer, Was A Native Of Aquitania. He Was Imbued With The Culture Of His Time And Of His Country, Which Was Then The Only True Home Of Latin Letters And Learning. Almost All That We Know Of Severus' Life Comes From A Few Allusions ...
Surgery Of Skull
Skull, Surgery Of. Fractures Of The Vault Of The Skull May Occur Without The Bone Being Driven In To Compress The Brain, And In Such Cases Their Existence May Be Revealed Only After Death. But If There Is Also A Severe Scalp Wound The Line Of Frac Ture May Be ...
Sydney 1771 1845 Smith
Smith, Sydney (1771-1845), English Writer And Divine, Son Of Robert Smith, Was Born At Woodford, Essex, On June 3, 1771, The Son Of A Wealthy And Eccentric Landowner. Sydney Was The Second Of A Family Of Four Brothers And One Sister, All Re Markable For Their Talents. While Two Of ...
Taste
Taste Four Chief Tastes.—in Man Taste May Be Excited From Most Surfaces Of The Mouth And The Pharynx, The Chief Exceptions Being The Floor Of The Mouth, The Gums, The Hard Palate, And The Inner Surfaces Of The Cheeks. The Principal Region For Taste Is The Upper Surface Of The ...
Tectural Articles X
Tectural Articles. (x.) Domestic Buildings Have Always Furnished A Clue To The Manner Of Life Of Their Inhabitants; First Of The Individual, Then Of The Community Of Individuals, And Finally Of That Grouping Of Com Munities Which Forms A Nation. They Are Something Almost Of The Soil, Since They Are ...
Teriology
Teriology) Have Been Shown To Be The Cause, Not Only Of The Common Forms Of Septic Impetigo, But Of A Variety Of Scaly Affections, Previously Regarded As Forms Of Eczema, Which Are Now Included Under The Heading Of Dermo-epidermites Microbiennes. Ultra-microscopic Organisms, Capable Of Passing Through A Berke Feld Filter, ...
Terra Cotta
Terra Cotta Material.—clay Is Decomposed Felspathic And Silicious Rock (see Clays), Varying In Composition And Colour According To Its Location. Pure Clay Or Kaolin, As The Chinese Named It, Is A Resid Ual, Non-plastic, White-burning Clay, Not Usable In Its Natural State But Essential In The Composition Of Porcelain And ...
Testing Screws
Testing Screws The Screws Cut In Engineers' Shops Are Sufficiently True For All Practical Purposes. But The Fact Remains That No Guide Screw Yet Made Is True, And No True Screw Can Be Made Apart From The Use Of Devices Which Are Unknown In The Machine Shop. The Microscope Is ...
Thailand Siam Muang Thai
Siam (muang Thai, Thailand), An Independent Kingdom, In The Indo-chinese Or Further India Peninsula, With An Area Of About 220,000 Sq.m. The Country Contains Four Natural Regions: (i) Nora. About 6o,000 Sq.m. In Area, A Series Of Parallel Ranges, Lying North And South, And Rising From Mere Gently Sloping Acclivities ...
The 19th Century
The 19th Century During The 1 Gth Century, The Methods Of Measurement And Enumeration, Coming Down From Newton And Leibniz, Were Ap Plied In Many Spheres With Such Success That, By 1850, A New Scepticism, In The Shape Of Positivism Unaware Of Its Own Dogmas. Acquired Vogue. This Was The ...
The Ancient Roman Senate
The Ancient Roman Senate (a) Senate Or Council Of Elders Formed The Most Permanent Element In The Roman Constitution. The Authori Ties Ascribe Its Origin To Romulus, Who Chose Out Loo Of The Best Of His Subjects To Form An Advisory Council. In 5o9 B.c. It Con Tained Soo Members, ...