3. The Rahanwin, with numerous but little-known sub-groups, including, however, the powerful and warlike Abgals, Barawas, Gobrons, Tuni, Jidus and Kalallas, occupy in part the region be tween the Webi-Shebeli and Juba, but chiefly the territory extend ing from the Juba to the Tana, where they have long been in con tact, mostly hostile, with the Wa-Pokomo and other Bantu peoples of British East Africa. Of all the Somali the Rahanwin betray the largest infusion of negroid blood.
Of the outcast races the best known are the Midgan, Yebir, and Tomal. The Midgan, who are of slightly shorter stature than the average Somali, are the most numerous of these peoples. They are great hunters and use small poisoned arrows to bring down their game. The Yebir are noted for their leather work, and the Tomal are the blacksmiths of the Somali.
Prehistoric Remains.—The discovery of flint implements of the same types as those found in Egypt, Mauritania, and Europe shows Somaliland to have been inhabited by man in the Stone age. That the country was subsequently occupied by a more highly civilized people than the Somali of to-day is evidenced by the ruins which are found in various districts. Many of these ruins are at tributable to the Arabs, but older remains are traditionally ascribed to a people who were "before the Galla." Blocks of dressed stone overgrown by grass lie in regular formation; a series of parallel revetment walls on hills commanding passes exist, as do relics of ancient water-tanks. Of more recent origin are the ruins known as Galla graves (Taalla Gana). These are cairns of piled stones, each stone about the size of a man's head.
Exploration.—The ancients were acquainted with the northern coast, and the Arabs had settlements on the Eastern coast. In mod ern times the exploration of the country dates from the occupation of Aden by the British in 1839, Aden being the chief port with which the Somali of the opposite coast traded. The first explorers of the interior were officers of the Indian army quartered at Aden —Lieut. Cruttenden (1848), Lieut. (afterwards Captain Sir Rich ard) Burton, and Lieut. J. H. Speke (the discoverer of the Nile source). In 1854 Burton, unaccompanied, penetrated inland as far as Harrar. Later on an expedition was attacked by Somali near Berbera, both Burton and Speke being wounded, and another officer, Lieut. Stroyan, R.N., killed. For 20 years afterwards no attempt was made to explore the interior. The occupation of Ber
bera by the Egyptians in 1875 led, however, to new endeavours. Of those who essayed to cross the waterless Haud more than one lost his life. In 1883 a party of Englishmen—F. L. and W. D. James (brothers), G. P. V. Aylmer, and E. Lort-Phillips—penetrated from Berbera as far as the Webi-Shebeli, and returned in safety. Surveys of the country between the coast and the Webi-Shebeli and also east towards the Wadi Nogal were executed by Maj. H. G. C. Swayne and his brother Capt. E. J. E. Swayne between 1886 and 1892.
The first person who reached the Indian ocean, going south from the Gulf of Aden, was an American, Dr. A. Donaldson Smith (b. 1864). He explored (1894-95) the headstreams of the Shebeli, reached Lake Rudolf, and eventually descended the Tana river to the sea. Meanwhile the greater part of the eastern sea board had fallen under Italian influence. In 1891 Brichetti-Ro becchi went from Mukdishu to Obbia, and thence crossed through Ogaden to Berbera on the Gulf of Aden. In 1892 Capt. Vittorio Bottego and a companion left Berbera and made their way past Imi to the upper Juba, which Bottego explored to its source, both travellers finally making their way via Lugh to the east coast. In 1895 Bottego, with three European companions, left Brava to investigate the river system north of Lake Rudolf, and succeeded in tracing the Omo to that lake. Subsequently in the Abyssinian highlands the expedition was attacked by Galla and Capt. Bottego was killed. Dr. Sacchi, who was returning to Lugh with some of the scientific results of the mission, was also killed by natives. An English expedition under H. S. H. Cavendish (1896-97) followed somewhat in Donaldson Smith's steps, and the last named trav eller again crossed Somaliland in his journey from Berbera via Lake Rudolf to the Upper Nile (1899-190o). In 1902-03 a survey of the Galla-Somali borderlands between Lake Rudolf and the upper Juba was executed by Capt. P. Maud of the British army. Military operations against the "Mad" Mullah in the period 190o 20 led to a more accurate knowledge of the south-eastern parts of the British protectorate and of the adjacent districts of Italian Somaliland. Of later travellers the duke of the Abruzzi, in 1919 20 explored the mid region of the Webi-Shebeli. The demarca tion of the new frontier between Kenya and Italian Somaliland, in 1926, rectified several errors on the map.