In the theatre, too, Catalan dramatists have produced work of considerable originality. Angel Guimera achieved European repu tation with Terra baixa (1896), which was made into the opera Tiejland by Eugen d'Albert and has been translated into English as Martha of the Lowlands. Beginning with historical tragedy (Gala Placidia, 1879; Judith de We1p, 1883), he turned to rural drama in La Boja (1890), comedy in La Baldirona and La Sala d'espera, and modern tragedy in Martha Rosa (1894), and La festa del blot (1896). His last work, Jesus que torn, was brought out during the World War of 1914-18. Interesting dramatic work was also produced by Ignacio Iglesias (d. 1928), whose long series of social dramas—inspired originally by the early works of Ger hardt Hauptmann—produced something of a masterpiece in Els Veils. For a time he fell under the influence of Maeterlinck (e.g., Focfollet, Cendres d'amor) and eventually turned to pure comedy, in Girassol. Adrian Gual is the author of several works of fancy and originality, but his best work has been done as director of Teatre Intim, an "art-theatre" in Barcelona, founded in 1898, which produced works of pioneer tendencies. Santiago Rusinol, a distinguished painter, achieved an unqualified success in a play with incidental music by Enric Morera, L'Alegria que passa, since when he has written a number of plays, including L'Heroe, El Mistic, El Indiana, etc.
The Catalan language is now used for valuable works in all branches of science and art, history and music. Linguistic studies have received invaluable support from the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, with its fine library and numerous publications.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Jose Rodriguez, Biblioteca valentina (Valencia, 1747) ; Vicente Ximeno, Escritores del reyno de Valencia ( 2 vols., Valencia, ; Justo Pastor Fuster, Biblioteca valenciana (2 vols., Valencia, 5827-30) ; Felix Torres Amat, Memoiras Para ayudar formar an diccionario critico de los escritores catalanes (Barcelona, 1836), with a supplement by J. Corominas (Burgos, 1849) ; F. R.
Camboulin, Essai sur l'histoire de la litterature catalane (Paris, 1858) ; M. Milo y Fontanals, De los Trovadores en Espana (Barcelona, 1860, and studies included in his Obras completas; especially Romancerillo Catalan, Antichs poetes catalans, and Origenes del teatro catalan; Churton's Poetical Remains (1876) contain translations of traditional Catalan poems and ballads; E. Cardona, De la Antica literatura catalana (Naples, 188o) ; A. Morel-Fatio, "Katalanische Literatur," in the 2nd volume of the Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, pt. ii.
(1892) ; V. M. 0. Denk, Einfiihrung in die Geschichte der altcata lanischen Literatur (Munich, 1893) ; J. Massa Forrents, Manuscrits catalans de la biblioteca national de Madrid (Barcelona, 1896). For the modern period see Joaquin Rubio y Ors, Breve resena del actual renaci miento de la lengua y literatura catalanas (2 vols., Barcelona, 188o) ; F. M. Tubino, Historia del renacimiento contemporaneo en Catalana, Baleares y Valencia (Madrid, 188o) ; A. de Molins, Diccionario bio grafico y bibliogrcifico de escritcres y artistas catalanes del siglo xix. (Barcelona, 1891-96) ; Ausias March, Obres, edit. A. Pages, 2 vols. (Barcelona, 1912), Documents per l'Historia de la cultura catalana mig eval (Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis catalans) ; E. Toda, La Poesia cata Tana 6 Sardenya (Barcelona, 1888) ; Nicolau d'Olwer, Literatura cata lane (Barcelona, 1917) ; E. Curet, El teatro en el renacimiento de Cata /aria (Barcelona, 192o) ; A. Plana, Antologia de Poetes moderns Catalans (Barcelona, 1914) ; J. B. Trend, A Picture of Modern Spain (1921), pp. 8o-156, and 213-231 ; Alfonso the Sage and other Spanish Essays (1926), pp. 162-174 ; also important articles in the Revue hispanique, Revista catalana, Quaderns d'Estudis, and other special periodicals. (J. F.-K.; A. M.-FA; J. B. T.)