Petroleum
Petroleum). During The Early Years Of The Depression Before The Advent Of The Tennessee Valley Authority, Industries Declined In The State As Well As In All Others. In 1933 There Were Only 1,56r Manufac Turing Establishments Employing But 94,909 Wage Earners Whereas In 1929 There Had Been 2,832 Establishments Employing ...
Philipp Jakob 1635 1705 Spener
Spener, Philipp Jakob (1635-1705), German The Ologian, Was Born On Jan. 13, 1635, At Rappoltsweiler In Upper Alsace. He Won His Degree Of Master At Strasbourg (1653) By A Disputation Against The Philosophy Of Hobbes. In 1666, He Was Chief Pastor In The Lutheran Church At Frankfort-on-main. Here He Published ...
Photographic Spectra
Photographic Spectra Spectroscopic Work Of Precision Is Now Almost Invariably Carried On By Photographic Methods. A Photographic Record Of A Spectrum Has Many Obvious Advantages ; It Can Be Examined As Often As Desired By Any Number Of Persons Without The Need For Repeating The Experimental Arrangements, And It Can ...
Pierre Andre De 1729 1788
Suffren Saint Tropez, Pierre Andre De (1729-1788), French Admiral, Was Born In The Chateau De Saint Canat (aix) On July 17, 1729. He Entered The Order Of Malta And Also The Close And Aristocratic Corps Of French Naval Officers As A Cadet In October In The "solide," One Of The ...
Polyterpenes
Polyterpenes Diterpenes, C20h32, Are Found In Resins And Balsams, But Hitherto Have Not Been Much Investigated. They Are Generally Obtained In The Form Of Viscous Oils, Which Usually Boil At Temperatures Above 300° C, And Although Unsaturated Do Not Readily Form Crystalline Additive Compounds. Such Substances Are Copaivene, Which Has ...
Potteries And Porcelains
Potteries And Porcelains. Small Terra-cotta Figures Used As Ornaments Or Household Gods, Buried In Tombs Or Dedicated In Temples Have Been Found In Large Numbers On Nearly All The Well-known Sites Of Antiquity, The Most Fruitful Being Tanagra In Boeotia; Myrina And Smyrna In Asia Minor; Rhodes, The Cyrenaica, Athens, ...
Primitive Stone Monuments
Stone Monuments, Primitive. The Term Primi Tive Stone Monument Implies An Ancient Or Rudimentary Memorial Or Mark. Some Represent Men Or Things. Others Are Taber Nacles, Provided, Either With Pious Or Magical Intent, That A Power Or A Soul May Be Induced To Dwell Therein. At First, They Were Memorial—to ...
Progress In Tank Design
Progress In Tank Design With The Exception Of The Germans, Who Are Prohibited By The Peace Treaty From Doing So, All Great Nations Now Employ Tanks As Part Of Their Military Force. The French Have Retained The Renault Tank As The Main Armament Of Their Tank Corps And Although They ...
Publius Papinius Statius
Statius, Publius Papinius (c. A.d. Latin Poet, Was Born At Naples. His Father Was Also A Poet, And Statius Seems To Have Been Trained As One From The Start. Of Events In The Life Of Statius We Know Little. From His Boyhood He Was Victorious In Poetic Contests—many Times At ...
Publius Sulpicius Rufus
Sulpicius Rufus, Publius (c. B.c.), Roman Orator And Statesman, Legate In 89 To Cn. Pompeius Strabo In The Social War, And In 88 Tribune Of The Plebs. Soon Afterwards Sulpicius, Hitherto An Aristocrat, Declared In Favour Of Marius And The Popular Party. He Was Deeply In Debt, And It Seems ...
Quintus Aurelius Symmachus
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius (c. Was A Brilliant Representative Of 4th-century Paganism In Rome. He Was Educated In Gaul, And In 373 Was Pro-consul Of Africa (for His Official Career See C.i.l. Vi. 1699). His Public Dignities, Which Included That Of Pontifex Maximus, His 'great Wealth And High Character, Added To ...
Reception Of Sound
Reception Of Sound The Manner In Which Sound-energy Is Abstracted From The Medium Carrying The Sound-waves Is Dependent On A Wide Va Riety Of Circumstances And Each Case Must Be Treated Accordingly. In The First Place The Choice Of A Receiver Must Depend On The Medium Of Transmission—a Receiver Suitable ...
Refining Of Raw Cane
Refining Of Raw Cane And Beet Sugars This Consists Of Three Main Operations: (i) Dissolving The Raw Sugar In Water; (2) Decolourizing The Resulting Solution; And (3) Re-crystallization. After Operating For Several Hours, The Char Begins To Lose Its Power, And The Treated Liquor Becomes Slightly Tinted, This Being Run ...
Regional Surgery
Regional Surgery The Brain.—surgery Of The Brain (see Brain, Surgery Of) Is Directed To The Opening Of Abscesses And The Removal Of Tumours. Considerable Advance In The Localization Of The Latter Has Led To A Higher Percentage Of Satisfactory Results And A Number Of Dramatic Cures. It Must, However, Be ...
Rene Francois Ar Mand
Rene Francois Ar Mand Prudhomme (1839-1907), French Poet, Born In Paris, March 16, 1839, Was Educated At The Lycee Bonaparte, Where He Took His Degree As Bachelier Es Sciences. An Attack Of Ophthalmia Interrupted His Studies And Necessitated An Entire Change In The Course Of His Career. He Found Employment ...
Richard Grenville Temple Temple
Temple, Richard Grenville-temple, 1st Earl (1711-1779), English Statesman, Eldest Son Of Richard Grenville (d. 1727) Of Wootton, Buckinghamshire, Was Born On Sept. 26, 1711. His Mother Was Hester (c. 169o-1752), Daughter, And Ultimately Heiress, Of Sir Richard Temple, Bart. 1697), Of Stowe, Buckinghamshire, And Sister Of Richard Temple, Viscount Cobham, ...
Richard Strauss
Strauss, Richard ), German Composer, Was Born At Munich On June I1, 1864, The Son Of Franz Strauss, An Eminent Hornist. To Some Extent A Prodigy, Strauss Was Something Of A Pianist At Four, A Composer At Six, And At Ten He Was Already Seriously Studying Music Under F. W. ...
Robert 1803 1859 Stephenson
Stephenson, Robert (1803-1859), English Engineer, Only Son Of George Stephenson (q.v.), Was Born At Willington Quay On Oct. 16, 2803. He Spent Four Years At School In New Castle, And Was Then (1819) Apprenticed To Nicholas Wood, A Coal-viewer At Killingworth, After Which He Was Sent In 1822 To Attend ...
Robert Livingston 1787 1856 Stevens
Stevens, Robert Livingston (1787-1856), American Mechanical Engineer, Was Born At New York City On Oct. 18, 1787, The Son Of John Stevens (q.v.) Whose Mechanical Ability He Inherited. Whereas The Father Spent Most Of His Thought On The Improvement Of Motive-power And Machinery Of Steam Boats, The Son Made Many ...
Robert Louis Balfour 1850
Stevenson, Robert Louis Balfour (1850 1894), British Essayist, Novelist And Poet, Was The Only Child Of Thomas Stevenson, Civil Engineer, And His Wife, Margaret Isabella Balfour. He Was Born At 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh, On Nov. 13, 185o. He Suffered From Infancy From Great Fragility Of Health, And Nearly Died ...
Robert Smith 1803 1864 Surtees
Surtees, Robert Smith (1803-1864), English Novel Ist And Sporting Writer, Was The Second Son Of Anthony Surtees Of Hamsterley Hall, Durham. Educated To Be A Solicitor, Surtees Soon Began To Contribute To The Sporting Magazine, And In 1831 He Published A Treatise On The Law Relating To Horses And Par ...
Robert Southey
Southey, Robert English Poet And Man Of Letters, Was Born At Bristol On Aug. 12, 1774. His Father, Robert Southey, An Unsuccessful Linendraper, Married Margaret Hill In 772. When He Was Three, Southey Passed Into The Care Of Eliza Beth Tyler, His Mother's Half-sister, At Bath, Where Most Of His ...
Robert Southwell
Southwell, Robert (c. 1561-1595), English Jesuit And Poet, Son Of Richard Southwell Of Horsham St. Faith's, Nor Folk, Was Born In 156o/61. He Was Educated At Douai And At Paris, Joining The Society Of Jesus. In 1584, An Act Was Passed, Forbidding Any English-born Subject Of The Queen Who Had ...
Rowland Taylor
Taylor, Rowland (d. 1555), English Protestant Martyr, Was Born At Rothbury, Northumberland ; He Took Minor Orders At Norwich In 1528 And Graduated Ll.b. At Cambridge In 153o And Ll.d. In 1534. Adopting Reformed Views He Was Made Chaplain By Cranmer In 154o And Presented To The Living Of Had ...
Rudolf 1861 1925 Steiner
Steiner, Rudolf (1861-1925), German Philosopher, Was Born On Feb. 27, 1861, At Kraljevic, Austria, The Son Of A Small Railway Employee. From 1890 To 1897 He Worked In Weimar At The "goethe-schiller Archive," Editing Goethe's Works On Natural History. In 1902 The German Section Of The Theosophic Association Was Founded ...
Russell 1836 1909 Sturgis
Sturgis, Russell (1836-1909), American Architect And Art Critic, Was Born In Baltimore County, Maryland, On Oct. 16, 1836. He Graduated From The Free Academy In New York (now The College Of The City Of New York) In 1856. He Studied Architecture Under Leopold Eidlitz And Then For Two Years In ...
Selection Of Steam Generating
Selection Of Steam Generating Equipment Steam Generating Equipment May Be Considered As Comprising Not Only The Boiler And Furnace But All Auxiliaries Necessary Or Desirable From The Point Of Delivery Of The Coal To The Stop Valve On The Boiler. A Proper Evaluation Of Factors Which Determine The Correct Selection ...
Simon Stevinus
Stevinus, Simon Dutch Mathematician, Was Born In 1548 At Bruges And Died In 162o At The Hague Or In Leyden. He Was Director Of The "waterstaet," And Afterwards Quartermaster-general. Stevinus Was Known To His Contemporaries By His Military Methods And Inventions; He Invented Defence By A System Of Sluices Which ...
Simplified Practice Or Simplification
Simplified Practice Or Simplification Another Branch Of Standardization Is The Commercial Elimina Tion Of Unnecessary Variety In Sizes, Dimensions, Grades Or Qualities Of Common Commodities. Its Chief Purpose Is To Reduce The Eco Nomic Waste Resulting From The Production And Distribution Of Too Many Varieties Of The Same General Class ...
Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan
Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour English Composer, Was Born In Lambeth On May 13, 1842, Being The Son Of A Cultivated Irish Musician Who Was Bandmaster At The Royal Military College, Sandhurst, From 1845 To 1856, And Taught At The Military School Of Music At Kneller Hall From 1857 Till His ...
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford
Stanford, Sir Charles Villiers Irish Composer, Was Born In Dublin On Sept. 3o, 1852. After Studying In London Under Ernst Pauer He Won (1870) A Scholar Ship At Queen's College, Cambridge, Whence He Migrated To Trin Ity College In 1873, And Succeeded J. L. Hopkins As College Or Ganist, A ...
Sir Frederick Wilfrid Scott
Stokes, Sir (frederick) Wilfrid Scott K.b.e. (186o-1927), Engineer And Inventor, Son Of Scott Nas Myth Stokes, Was Born In 186o At Liverpool. After Some Years In Railway Work He Joined Ransomes And Rapier Of Ipswich, Be Coming Managing Director And Chairman. He Was Distinguished In Many Branches Of Engineering. His ...
Sir George Gabriel Stokes
Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, Bart. ‘ ( _19-19o3), British Mathematician And Physicist, Son Of The Rector Of Skreen, Co. Sligo, Ireland, Was Born On Aug. 13, 1819. In 1837 He Entered Pembroke College, Cambridge, Where He Became A Fellow In 1841. He Lost His Fellowship When He Married In 1857, ...
Sir Henry Morton Stanley
Stanley, Sir Henry Morton ( ,1841-1904), Brit Ish Explorer Of Africa, Discoverer Of The Course Of The Congo, Was Born At Denbigh, Wales, On June Ro, 1841, Of A Family Named Rowlands Or Rollant. John Rowlands, By Which Name Stanley Was Baptized, Was Brought Up First By His Maternal Grandfather, ...
Sir Henry Spelman
Spelman, Sir Henry (c. 1564-1641), English Anti Quary, Was The Eldest Son Of Henry Spelman, Of Congham, Norfolk, And The Grandson Of Sir John Spelman (c. 1495-1544), Judge Of The King's Bench. He Was Educated At Walsingham School, And Trinity College, Cambridge. With Sir Robert Cotton And William Camden, He ...
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen
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Sir John 1609 1642 Suckling
Suckling, Sir John (1609-1642), English Poet, Was Born At Whitton, In The Parish Of Twickenham, Middlesex, And Baptized There On Feb. Io, 1609. His Father, Sir John Suckling (1569-1627), Had Been Knighted By James I. And Was Successively Master Of Requests, Comptroller Of The Household And Secretary Of State. He ...
Sir John Tenniel
Tenniel, Sir John (182o-1914), Knighted 1893, Eng Lish Humorous And Satirical Artist—specially Identified With Punch —was Born In London On Feb. 28, 182o. Although He Became A Probationer, And Then A Student, Of The Royal Academy, He Soon Left The Schools, Where At That Time There Was Little Teaching. In ...
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson English Physicist And Electrician, Was Born At Sunderland On Oct. 31, 1828. After Serving His Apprenticeship With A Druggist In His Native Town, He Became First Assistant And Later Partner In A Firm Of Manufacturing Chemists In Newcastle. Among Its Opera Tions This Firm Included The ...
Sir Leslie 1832 1904 Stephen
Stephen, Sir Leslie (1832-1904), English Philosopher And Man Of Letters, Son Of Sir James Stephen, Was Born In London On Nov. 28, 1832. He Was Educated At Eton, At King's College, London, And Trinity Hall, Cambridge. In 1854 Stephen Obtained A Goodbehere Fellowship, And Was Ordained Deacon On Dec. 21, ...
Sir Mark Sykes
Sykes, Sir Mark, 6 (1879-1919), English Traveller And Politician, Was Born On March 16, 1879, In London, The Only Son Of Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet. He Was Educated At Beaumont College, Windsor, At Monaco, At Brussels And At Jesus College, Cambridge. He Served With The Yorkshire Militia In The ...
Sir Rabindranath Tagore
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Sir Richard 6 Steele
Steele, Sir Richard 6 ( Irish Man Of Letters In The Reign Of Queen Anne, Is Inseparably Associated In The History Of Literature With His Personal Friend Addison. The Two Were Born In The Same Year. Steele, The Senior By Less Than Two Months, Was Baptized On March 12, 1672 ...
Sir Robert 1844 1930 Stout
Stout, Sir Robert (1844-1930), New Zealand Judge And Statesman, Was Born On Sept. 28, 1844 At Lerwick, Shetland Isles, Where He Became A Pupil Teacher At The Parish School. He Went To New Zealand In 1863, Was Admitted (july 4, 1871) As Barrister And Solicitor Of The Supreme Court Of ...
Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd
Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon Eng Lish Judge And Author, The Son Of A Brewer, Was Born At Reading On May 26, 1795. He Was Educated At Hendon, And At Reading Grammar School. At The Age Of 18 He Was Sent To London To Study Law Under Joseph Chitty, The Special ...
Sir William Temple
Temple, Sir William, Bart. English Statesman, Diplomatist, And Author, Was Born In London. He Was The Eldest Son Of Sir John Temple (1600-1677), Irish Master Of The Rolls, Whose Father Was Sir William Temple (1555-1627), Provost Of Trinity College, Dublin. Temple Was Educated At The Grammar-school At Bishop Stortford, And ...
Sororate
Sororate. This Term Was Introduced By Sir James Frazer To Designate All Marriages With A Wife's Sister, Whether In The Life Time Of The First Wife Or After Her Death. In His View It Is Comple Mentary To The Custom Of The Levirate And Both "are Offshoots From One Common ...
Sound
Sound. The Definition Of The Word Sound Depends Upon The Point Of View Adopted. Subjectively It May Be Regarded As The Sense Impression Of The Organ Of Hearing; Objectively, The Vibratory Motion Which Produces The Sensation. The Physiological And Psychical Aspects Of Sound Are Treated In The Article On Hearing. ...
Sound Motion Pictures
Sound Motion Pictures. Since The First Days Of Motion Pictures Efforts Have Been Made To Provide The Addition Of An Appropriate Sound Accompaniment Or Speech, Accurately Syn Chronized With The Motion Picture, Which Would Add Realism And Artistic Value To The Performance. The Requirements Of Such A System Are That ...
Sounding
Sounding. The Determination Of The Depth Of The Sea Has Been Practised From Very Early Times For Purposes Of Naviga Tion, But It Is Only Since The Introduction Of Submarine That Extensive Efforts Have Been Made To Obtain A Complete Knowl Edge Of The Contour Of The Ocean-bed (see Ocean ...
Soup
Soup, A Liquid Food Consisting Usually Of Stock (water In Which Meat Or Vegetables Have Been Boiled) With Or Without Other Ingredients. Soups Are Also Made Without Stock. As Clear Soups Are Largely Water, They Have Little Food Value In Themselves, But They Act As Appetizers. Cream Soups, Vegetable Purées ...
Sources For Spectroscopic Observation
Sources For Spectroscopic Observation While Any Luminous Body Is A Suitable Subject For Spectroscopic Investigation, There Are Several Methods Of Exciting Substances To Luminosity Which Are Especially Convenient, Or Are Of A Character To Give Valuable Information About The Emitting Atoms Or Mole Cules. Apart From The Spectra Of Gases, ...
Sources Of Sound
Sources Of Sound Vibrating Systems.—a Fundamental Advance In The Theory Of Sound Was Made In 1843 When Ohm Proved That The Simplest And Most Fundamental Type Of Sound Sensation Is That Which Cor Responds To A Simple Harmonic Motion, I.e., To The Simplest Mathe Matical Form Of Periodic Function. (see ...
South African Literature
South African Literature. The Earliest Of The Books Written In Or About South Africa Were Naturally De Voted To Description Of The Country And Its Inhabitants. The Best Of Those In English Is Travels In The Interior Of Southern Africa (1822) By William John Burchell. Among Many Later Works David ...
South America
South America, The Southern Of The Two American Continents Of The Western Hemisphere, Situated Between 34° And 82° W. Long., And 13° N. And 55° S. Lat. It Is Roughly Triangular In Shape And In The North-west Is Joined To The Continent Of North America (q.v.) By The Isthmus Of ...
South American Languages
South American Languages. The Languages Of South America Are For The Most Part Still Very Imperfectly Known, And The Number Of Linguistic Stocks Considered Independent Of And Unrelated To Any Linguistic Family In The New Or Old World Is Reckoned At 75. For Many Of Them We Have Only Vocabularies, ...