Sovereignty

8. A small group consists of instances of condominium or arrangements similar thereto; e.g., the arrangements as to the Samoa islands from 1889 to 1899.

According to modern usage the appellation "sovereign State" belongs only to States of considerable size and population exer cising without control the usual powers of a State, e.g., able to declare peace or war.

Colonies.—It is sometimes suggested that self-governing colonies are to be regarded as true States. Undoubtedly some of them can no longer be regarded as colonies in the old sense. The self-governing colonies forming part of the "multicellular British State," as F. W. Maitland describes it (Political Theories of the Middle Ages, p. x.), have an essentially "state-like character." If Liberia is a State, the same may surely be said of Canada.

•With the creation of the League of Nations, however, the theory of sovereignty has become still more academic and im practicable. India and the Dominions are equal members with Great Britain of the League. As a member of the League the sovereignty of Great Britain is limited to the same extent as that of Ireland or any other member. And there are at least a dozen States in Europe members of the League, which enjoy, both in fact and in law, less independence than the dominions. The old distinction between sovereign and non-sovereign States has ceased to exist. A sovereign State is now obsolete. Even the United States is not absolutely sovereign. There is no State more rigor ously bound by treaties. Nevertheless a new life has been given to the doctrine by the appeal of the succession States in central Europe to the League in their attempts to coerce their minorities to respect their sovereignty. The only valid sovereignty is that of the rule of law.

Many attempts have been made to enumerate the attributes of sovereignty, i.e., the regalia, prerogatives, etc., as they were called. For example, Bodin gives a list of the properties of majes tas or sovereignty : (a) "Legem universis, etc., singulis civibus dare posse; (b) bellum indicere aut pacem inire; (c) to appoint and change magistrates; (d) power of final appeal; (e) power of pardon; (1) raising revenue; (g) coining money" (De republica, vol. i. ch. 1o). Bluntschli (Allgemeine Staatslehre, i. 575) enum erates these attributes: (a) right of recognition of majestas; (b) independence; (c) power to determine constitution; (d) right of legislation; (e) action through deposed organs; (f) irresponsibility. These enumerations are open to the objection that they merely describe the action of the State at a particular time or indicate a theory of what an ideal State should be. See PROTECTORATE,

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE, SUZERAINTY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The

literature of the subject is immense; every book on political science, from the Republic of Plato and the Politics of Aristotle, has dealt with or touched sovereignty. A few of the chief modern works are: J. C. Bluntschli, Allgemeine Staatslehre (Munich, 5852) ; J. Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence (3rd ed., 1869) ; H. Maine, "Minute on the Kithiawar States," Life and Speeches (1864) and Early History of Institutions (1875) ; R. von Mohl, Encyklopddie der Staatswissenschaften (2nd ed., Tubingen, 1872) ; P. Laband, Staats recht des deutschen Reiches (Freiburg-im-Breisgau and Tubingen, 1876) ; G. Meyer, Lehrbuch des deutschen Staatsrechts (Leipzig, 1878) ; 0. Gierke, Johannes Althusius (Breslau 188o) and Das deutsche Genos senschaftsrecht (1863-81) ; K. Gareis, Allgemeines Staatsrecht (1882) ; G. Jellinek, Die Lehre von den Staatsverbindungen (1882) and Ueber Staatsfragmente (1896) ; H. Rosin, Souveranitiitstaat (1883) ; A. V. Dicey, Law of the Constitution (i885, 8th ed. 1915) ; C. Salomon, L'Occupation des Territoires sans Maitres (1889) ; T. M. Cooley, Con stitutional Limitations (6th ed. 189o) ; J. B. Westerkamp, Staatenbund and Bundesstaat (Leipzig, 1892) ; J. R. Green, Works (1892) ; W. W. Fowler, City State of the Greeks and Romans (1893) ; I. Clauss, Die Lehre von den Staatsdienstbarkeiten (1894) ; K. Bornhak, Einseitige Abangigkeitsverhaltnisse unter den Modernen Staaten (1896) ; W. W. Willoughby, The Nature of the State (1896) ; B. Bosanquet, The Philo sophical Theory of the State (1899) ; X. Combothecra, La Conception juridique de retat (1899) ; H. Rehm, Allgemeine Staatslehre (5899) ; F. H. Giddings, Principles of Sociology (3rd ed., 1899) ; J. W. Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law (Boston, 1899) ; C. E. Mer riam, History of the Theory of Sovereignty Since Rousseau (i9oo) ; J. Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence (2. Essay x. 19o1) ; J. B. Moore, Digest of International Law (1906), vol. i., ch. xviii. seq., and "Notes on Sovereignty," American Journal of International Law, vol. I. (19o7) ; W. B. Keith, Responsible Government in the Colonies (1909) ; T. Baty, International Law (1909) ; H. H. L. Bellot, "The Rule of Law," in Quarterly Review (April, 1926) ; H. Goitein, "Some Problems of Sovereignty," in Publications of the Grotius Society, vol.