See also the League of Nations Armaments Year-Book (Ge neva, 1928). (G. G. A.) Navy.—The Spanish navy is small, but contains representative types of ships to be found in the fleets of greater sea powers. These include :-2 "Dreadnought" battleships, the "Alfonso Trece" and the "Jaime Primero," armed with 8 12" guns; f Air craft carrier of 10,80o tons, attached to the Flying School for training purposes ; 11 Cruisers and light cruisers, the most modern of which are the "Principe Alfonso," the "Almirante Cervera" and the "Miguel de Cervantes" of 7,85o tons, armed with eight 6" and four 4" guns and having a speed of 33 knots; 29 de stroyers and torpedo boats; 1 2 submarines; 13 miscellaneous craft.
Three cruisers of about 10,000 tons are to be built to replace the old ships. The seagoing fleet was reorganised early in 1928 and placed under the command of a Vice Admiral. Personnel for the ships' companies is recruited by conscription.
A Council of National Defence which includes a Minister of Marine and a newly-constituted General Directorate of Opera tions with a staff of naval officers under a vice admiral is responsi ble for the general direction of naval and military policy. See Brassey's Naval and Shipping Annual; F. Jane, Jane's Fighting Ships (annual) and H. W. Wilson, Battleships in Action (2 vols., 1926). (E. A.) Economic Policy.—The most significant feature in the eco nomic life of Spain is the marked movement towards nationaliza tion. The beginning dates back to 1907, when a tentative step was taken towards the protection of national industries. A stronger and more purely Spanish colour was shown in the Law on taxation of profits, which gave the first legal definition of a Spanish company. This Law (of April 25, 1911) ruled that companies registered and domiciled in Spain were to be consid ered as foreign companies when : (a) a sufficient number of the directors to form a quorum, and take decisions by themselves, were not Spanish; (b) when the legal managers of the business depend upon a foreign corporation or firm, either as employees or by contract and agreement; (c) when either from the name of the company or its advertisements or business negotiations it may be recognized that it acts under the instructions of a for eign corporation; (d) when the Spanish Administration receives authentic information that sufficient of the shares are in the hands of a foreign corporation to enable this latter to impose its will upon general meetings of the shareholders and in the management of the company.
In 1917 another law for the protection of national industries was passed. In 1919 a revision of the Customs Tariff was ordered, and this began in 192o. The movement towards high tariff pro tection had commenced. In 1922 a new tariff was promulgated, which afforded very high protection indeed to Spanish industry.
A further move was made in 1924 by the Railroad Statute of July 13, which in some of its measures seems to be specifically directed against foreign com panies. Under this Railroad Statute, transport rates are to receive the assent of the Superior Railway Council so that, in effect, the railroads now work under close Government super vision.
The march towards a more complete form of economic na tionalization received a great im petus by the formation of the Primo de Rivera Government in Sept. 1923. This Government forged the nationalistic concep tions of the moment into a wea pon for the nationalizing of indus try in Spain. They received the willing aid of the industrial prov inces, i.e., Catalonia and Vizcaya, for Spanish economic nationalization is really a child of Catalonia and Vizcaya. Thus the present Government of Spain, by taking the lead in the nationalisation of industry and its protection by means of subsidies and high customs tariffs, has really applied a unifying force to the provinces to which more especially were at tributed Separatist tendencies.
The Tariff Revision of 1928 is dictated by the same trend. To clear the way for a more complete revision the Spanish-British Commercial Treaty of 1922 was first amended, and by agree ment between the two countries many consolidated customs sched ules were abrogated.