Stockholm

East of Skeppsholm an inlet, Ladugardslandsviken, so named from the proximity of the former royal farm-yard (ladugdrd), and bordered on the mainland by a quay with handsome houses called Strandvagen, throws off a narrow branch (Djurgards brunnsviken) and separates from the mainland an island about 2 m. in length by 4 m. broad. This is mainly occupied by D jur garden (the deer-park), a beautiful park containing the buildings of the northern museum, a collection of Scandinavian costumes and domestic and agricultural utensils, and a biological museum housed in a wooden building imitating the early Norwegian tim ber churches (stavekirke). Here also is Skansen, an ingenious reproduction in miniature of the salient physical features of Sweden with its flora, fauna and characteristic dwellings inhab ited by peasants in the picturesque costumes of the various dis tricts. Both the northern museum and Skansen were founded by Dr. Arthur Hazelius (1833-1901). There is a bust of the poet K. M. Bellman, whose festival is held on the 26th of July. Soder malm, the southern quarter, is principally residential.

The beautiful environment of sea and lake is fully appreciated by the inhabitants. To the north of the city, accessible by rail and water, are the residential suburbs of Haga and Ulriksdal, with royal chateaux, and Djursholm. Saltsjobaden, 9 m. east of Stock holm, on Baggensfjord, is the nearest and most favoured seaside resort, but Dalaro (2o m. south-east) and Nynashamn (39 m. south) are much frequented. Vaxholm, m. north-east by water, is a pleasant fishing-village where numerous villas have been built.

Institutions.

Stockholm is the centre of government and the usual residence of the king; in summer he usually occupies one of the neighbouring country palaces. The city is the seat of the high court of justice (Hogsta Dornstolen) and of the court of appeal for the northern and midland districts (Sven Hofratt). As regards local government, Stockholm is a liin (administrative district) in itself, distinct from the rural /iin of the same name, under a high governor (iifverstiitimillare) and deputy, with de partments for secretarial work, taxation and police. The city is in the diocese of Uppsala, but has a separate consistory, composed of the rectors of the city parishes, the president of which is the rec tor of St. Nicholas (Storkyrka). Stockholm has no state univer sity. A private university (Hogs kola) was founded in 1878, and was brought under state control in 1904. The president of the governing body is appointed by the government, while the appoint ment of the remaining members is shared by the Swedish Acad emy, the Academy of Sciences, and the City Council. The fac ulties are four—philosophy and history, philology, mathematics and natural sciences and jurisprudence. The Caroline Institute (Karolinska Mediko-Kirurgiska Institut) is a medical foundation dating from 1815, which ranks since 1874 with the state univer sities of Uppsala and Lund in the right to hold examinations and confer degrees in its special faculty. Special and secondary edu cation is highly developed; there are schools of agriculture, min ing and forestry, technical schools, a veterinary school, a school of pharmacy, etc. Among the public colleges under state control, one, the Nya Elementarskolan, was founded experimentally in 1828, after the Education Committee of 1825-1828, among the members of which were Tegner and Berzelius, had reported on the want of such schools. This school retains its separate govern ing board ; whereas others of the class are under a central board. The control of the primary schools in the parishes is similarly centralized ; whereas in Sweden generally each parish has its school-board.

Stockholm is the seat of the principal learned societies and royal academies. (See SWEDEN.) There are schools of painting, sculpture and architecture under the direction of the Royal Academy of Arts ; a conservatory of music under that of the Royal Academy of Music ; and experimental gardens and labora tories under the Royal Society of Agriculture. The Natural His tory Museum, the observatory and meteorological office, and the botanical gardens are under the supervision of the royal academy of sciences. Minor collections deserving mention are the museums of the geological survey and the Caroline Medical Institute, and the archives in the record office (Riksarkivet).

Among places of entertainment, the royal theatre is managed by a company receiving a state subsidy. The Dramatic Theatre (Drarnatiska Teatern), in Kungstradgards-Gatan, the Swedish (Svenska) theatre in Blasieholms-Gatan, and the Vasa theatre in Vasa-Gatan may also be mentioned. The Djiirgard is the principal place for variety entertainments in summer. Several of the lead ing sporting clubs have their headquarters in Stockholm. An an nual regatta is held early in August by the Royal Swedish Yacht Club (Svenska Segalsiillskapet). A harbour much frequented by yachts is Sandhamn in the outer skiirgdrd. The Stockholm Gen eral Skating Club (Almiinna Skridskoklubb) is the leading institu tion for the most favoured winter sport. A characteristic spec tacle in winter is the tobogganing in the Humlegard on holidays. The principal athletic ground is the Idrottspark (Sports Park), on the north side of ostermalm, with tennis courts and a cycling track, which may be changed into a skating-rink in winter. There is a similar park at Djursholm. A stadium in Swedish mediaeval style, seating 15,000, was opened for the Olympic Games in 1912.

Commerce.—The industries of Stockholm are miscellaneous. The value of the output of these is nearly thrice that of Malmo or Gothenburg, the next most important manufacturing towns, and the industries of Stockholm exceed those of every /an (ad ministrative division) except Malmohus. The iron and steel indus tries are very important, including engineering in every branch, and shipbuilding. Factories for articles of human consumption (e.g., breweries and tobacco works) are numerous; and cork, wood, silk, chemical and leather works may also be mentioned. Fine ware is produced by the Rorstrand and Gustafsberg porcelain works. In addition there are various government works, as the mint and printing works. Stockholm is the first port in Sweden for import trade, but as regards exports ranks about level with Malmo and is exceeded by Gothenburg, Stockholm having proportionately little share in the vast timber export trade. Over 50% of the ton nage using the port is Swedish. Vessels of 23 ft. draught can go up to the city (Skeppsbro and Blasieholm quays), and there is an outport at Vartan on the Lilla Vartan channel to the north-east. The port accommodation was enlarged in 1925, and the new Ham marby channel, for vessels up to 3,500 tons, was completed. A new dock for large vessels was constructed in 1926, and further harbour works on Lake Malar are projected. In 1924 the railway station was rebuilt.

See P. R. Ferlin, Stockholms Stad (Stockholm, 1854-58) ; C. Lundin and A. Strindberg, Gatnla Stockholm (Stockholm, 1882) ; C. Lundin, Nya Stockholm (Stockholm, 189o) ; G. Nordensvan, Mdlardrottningen ["the queen of Malarl (Stockholm, 1896) ; E. W. Dahlgren, Stock holm, Sveriges hufvustad skildrad (Stockholm, 1897, issued by the municipal council on the occasion of the Stockholm Exhibition, 1897).