The minerals worked include mica—widely distributed—gold and diamonds. Cassiterite (tin-ore) is found in the Bukoba dis trict ; coal, iron, copper and lead are also found, but are not worked. The chief gold deposits are in the Mwanza district, where is also a diamondiferous area, while further south, near Shinyanga, is another diamond field. Mica and gold were mined during the German occupation : diamond mining began in 1926, and at the same time the Bukoba tinfields were being worked. It was not until 1q25 that trade recovered to the level of 1913 (the last normal year under German rule). In 1922 the trade figures were : Imports £1,386,000; exports £1,300,000; re-exports £141,000 (mostly transit trade from the Belgian Congo). In 1926 domestic exports were valued at £3,025,000 and the re exports at £235,000, while trade imports totalled £3,597,000. Cot ton piece goods, the chief import, came chiefly from Great Britain, India and Japan, and those countries took the raw cotton ex ported (25,00o bales in 1927). In 1927 coffee exports, mostly to France and Italian East Africa, totalled 6,595 tons, and sisal (mainly to Belgium and Great Britain) 33,00o tons. The diamond production was 18,095 carats (valued at £102,000).
One of the great handicaps to develop ment was the lack of adequate means of communication. The Germans had built two railway lines, one from Tanga to Moshi (219 m. long) which served the important plantations in Pare, Usambara and the slopes of Kilimanjaro—and Tanga up to 1929 had a bigger trade than Dar-es-Salaam—the other 773 m. long from Dar-es-Salaam to Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika. This is known as the Central railway. It was not until 1924 that financial con ditions allowed the undertaking of any new work. In that year a line was begun northward from Tabora, on the Central railway. This line, which passes through the rich Shinyanga cotton belt, reached Mwanza, on Lake Victoria, in 1928. It is 238 m. long and serves also the diamond and gold fields in the district. It also offers an alternative route (to that from Mombasa) to Uganda. Another short railway was built from Moshi to Arusha, and there is a 90 m. line in the Lindi district. Schemes were put forward in 1924 for linking the Tanga and the Central railways, and for a line from the Central railway through the south-western high lands—where European settlement had begun—to Lake Nyasa or Rhodesia. They remained in the proposal stage in 1929. Over 25,000 m. of roads were built, on which motor traffic is possible in the dry season; they are nearly all impassable in the rains. On Lake Tanganyika there are Belgian and British steamer ser vices, the chief traffic being with the Belgian side of the lake. At Mwanza and Tabora are aerodromes, but there was up to 1928 no regular air service. The Tanga railway is linked to the Kenya and Uganda railway by the Kahe-Taveta-Voi branch ; other wise Tanganyika Territory has no railway connection with the neighbouring British lands. There is wireless communication with the Belgian Congo, telegraphic connection by land wires with South Africa, and a cable from Dar-es-Salaam to Zanzibar. Com munication from Tanganyika ports is maintained by several lines. Mails from London to Dar-es-Salaam take about three weeks in transit.
The territory is governed on the lines of a British Crown Colony. The governor, who is responsible to the Colonial Office in London, is aided by an executive council and, since 1926, by a nominated legislative council. The ancient tribal organization of the natives under chiefs of their own race—largely broken up under German rule— has been restored as far as possible under the supervision of European administrators. The chiefs, often bearing the title of sultan, are executive officers and have their own treasuries. Native courts have limited civil and criminal jurisdiction (Procla mations of 1920 and 1925). Domestic slavery had been permitted by the Germans to continue, but they had decreed the freedom of all slaves born after 1905. In 1923 the British administration abolished the status of slavery, which no longer exists in Tangan yika in any form. Neither does the administration assist in the recruitment of labour for private enterprises. From 1924 onward effective steps were taken to provide education for the natives in addition to that given by the missionary societies. In the gov ernment schools instruction is in hygiene, agriculture and indus tries as well as literary and moral; at Dar-es-Salaam, Tanga, Tabora, Bukoba and other places are central schools where, among other things, natives are trained for posts in an African Civil Service. There is a native teachers' training centre at Mpapua. Instruction is given in Kiswahili and English ; in mission schools instruction is generally given in the vernacular. Up to 1925 there were no government schools for European or Indian children, but a grant was made to the schools of the Dutch speaking settlers at Arusha.
Revenue is obtained chiefly from import duties and the native house, hut and poll tax (6/– to 12/– a year), about half the revenue being paid by natives. The Customs tariff is similar to but not identical with that of Kenya and Uganda. Revenue which for 1919-20 was £669,000 had increased to 11,315,000 in 1923-24, the corresponding figures for expenditure being £790,000 and £1,901,000. To that time there has been a deficit of £761,000 on the working of the railways, besides £503,000 spent in capital and extraordinary expenditure upon them. Commercial depression, the forced change in the currency from rupees at 15 to the to florins and then shillings—the rupees (German and Indian) being redeemed at 2/– —added to the cost of restoring the dev astated regions, had reacted unfavourably on revenue. But from 1923 an improvement set in and soon became marked. The rev enue for 1926-27 was 11,691,000. From April 1, 1927, railway revenue was separated from the ordinary budget. For the year ended March 31, 1928, ordinary revenue was £1,904,000 and rail way revenue (which showed a surplus over expenditure of £51,000) was 1631,000. (E. HEA. ; F. R. C.) The years immediately preceding the outbreak of the World War had been a period of much administrative and commercial activity in German East Africa. There was a flourishing Eu ropean settlement in the Usambara highlands and, as far as civil administration was concerned, the colony was self-supporting.