(2) The organization of women, which has also become inter national, dates from 1874, when the National Women's Christian Temperance Union was founded at Cleveland in the United States. In 1907 it had branches in every State in the Union and in about towns and villages, with an aggregate membership of 350, 000. It employs all means, educational and social as well as political, and has exercised great influence in promoting that drastic legislation which characterizes the United States. It has also taken up many other questions relating to women, and has adopted the white ribbon as badge. About 1883 Miss Frances Willard, who had been the moving spirit of the Union, carried the organization of women into other lands and formed the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which now possesses branches in some so countries.
(3) The inclusion of children in temperance organization goes back to 1847, when a society of juvenile abstainers who had taken the pledge was formed at Leeds ; it took the name of Band of Hope. The practice spread, and in 1851 a Band of Hope Union was formed. There are now a number of such unions, for Scotland, Ireland and separate counties in England; the Bands of Hope are said to number 15,000 in all.
(4) The teaching of temperance in schools, which has become a great feature of the moral propaganda, was begun by private effort in 1852, when the late John Hope inaugurated a regular weekly visitation of day schools in Edinburgh. In 1875, at the in vitation of the National Temperance League, Sir Benjamin Rich ardson wrote his Temperance Lesson Book, which was adopted by many schools as a primer. In 1889 school-teaching by travel ling lecturers was taken up by the U.K. Band of Hope Union, and the example was followed by many other societies, which have spent large sums on itinerant lecturers; and object-lessons on the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks are given to children in the schools. The Church of England Temperance Society carries on similar work and examines children in the subject of temper ance, the annual Report for 1926 stating that 20,000 people of all grades and ages came under instruction in the year. Voluntary temperance teaching having grown continuously and become very extensive, the central education authorities took action ; in :906 the Board of Education in Ireland made "Hygiene and Temper ance" a compulsory subject in the public schools; in 1909 the English board issued a syllabus of temperance teaching, the adoption of which in elementary schools is optional (a revised edition, which includes the physiology of food also, was issued in 1922) ; in Scotland also courses of teaching in hygiene and tem perance are permissive and have been adopted by many local educational authorities. In the United States compulsory teaching
is of much longer standing and more advanced. The question was first taken up by the Women's Christian Temperance Union (see above) in 1879; it was believed that by teaching the physiological effects of alcohol to all children the problem of intemperance would be effectually solved, and a systematic political campaign was planned and carried out for the purpose of obtaining com pulsory legislation to give effect to this idea. The campaign was successful in New York in 1884, in Pennsylvania in 1885 and subsequently in other States. Laws have now been passed in every State and territory, making anti-alcohol teaching part of the cur riculum in the public schools, and tobacco is usually included. School-teaching is compulsory in Canada, except in Quebec and Prince Edward Island, where it is permissive; in France since 1902; in Sweden since 1892, and in Iceland. It is recognized by authority but optional in Australia, South Africa, some provinces of India, Belgium, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Austria Hungary and Switzerland. The movement in favour of school teaching is, which has become widespread, continuously and gen erally advancing.
(5) The scientific study of the physiology and pathology of alcohol is a very large subject in itself. As has been shown above, the pioneers of the temperance movement were medical men ; and though the Churches soon became the chief moving force, doctors have always exercised an influence, and in more recent times since people learnt to bow down to the name of science there has been a marked tendency to have recourse to scientific authority for arguments and support, of which the teaching of temperance as a branch of physiology or hygiene is an illustration. Medical absti nence societies have been formed in England, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
Present State of the Movement.—In recent years the tem perance movement has grown and spread, but there are no com prehensive figures of its numerical strength. The Alliance Year Book, however, contains a directory of societies, which give some idea of its wide distribution. It contains the names of over 600 organizations including local branches in Great Britain alone, em bracing religious (54), women's (48) and juvenile societies (47). It further mentions four international organizations, eight in Australia, 12 in Canada, eight in South Africa and nine in the United States; there are, no doubt, central offices. The periodicals enumerated number 37 in Great Britain, mostly monthly, 14 in Australia, nine in Canada, five in India, two in South Africa and eight in the United States.