TEWFIK PASHA (1852-1892), khedive of Egypt, son of the Khedive Ismail, was born on Nov. 15, 1852. With the altera tion of the succession law in 1866 Tewfik became heir apparent. In 1878 he was appointed president of the council after the dis missal of Nubar Pasha. He held this office only for a few months; he then returned to his estate, but was soon recalled to public life. On June 26, 1879, Ismail, at the instance of Great Britain and France, was deposed by the sultan, who sent orders at the same time that Tewfik should be proclaimed khedive. The new khedive was little pleased at the honour thrust upon him at a moment when Egypt was in a chaotic state. Disorder prevailed until Nov. 1879, when the dual control was re-established by the governments of Great Britain and France. For over two years Baring (afterwards Lord Cromer), Auckland Colvin, and de Blignieres practically governed the country, endeavouring to insti tute reforms while possessing no means of coercion. During all this time the disaffection in the Egyptian Army was increasing. Tewfik has been blamed for his failure to take a firm line with the rebels, but his attitude was governed by his relations with Great Britain and France, and he was unable to control events. For the anti foreign movement which culminated in the revolt of Arabi see ARABI PASHA and EGYPT.
Before the bombardment of Alexandria began it was suggested to Tewfik that he should leave the city and embark either upon a man-of-war belonging to one of the neutral powers, or in his own yacht, or in a mail steamer which was then in the port. His answer was, "I am still khedive, and I remain with my people in the hour of their danger." At his palace of Ramleh, 3mi. from the town, he was beyond reach of the shells, but his life was nevertheless imperilled. When the rebel soldiers attacked the
palace he escaped to another palace after going through the burn ing streets of Alexandria. Here he was obliged to agree that a guard of British bluejackets protect him from further risk.
In 1884 Baring went back to Egypt as diplomatic agent and consul-general of Great Britain. His first task was to demand that Tewfik should abandon the Sudan. Tewfik gave his consent with natural reluctance, but, having consented, he did every thing he could to ensure the success of the policy which Baring had been sent to carry out. He behaved with equal propriety during the negotiations between Drummond Wolff and the Turk ish envoy, Mukhtar Pasha, in i886. The sultan was his suzerain; in Great Britain he recognized his protector : to the representative of each he endeavoured to show friendliness and esteem. As time went on his confidence in Baring increased, until at last he de ferred to the British agent in almost everything. He took a great interest in irrigation, education, and justice.
In private life Tewfik was courteous and amiable. He had no desire to keep up the unapproachable state of an oriental ruler. Indeed, in many ways his manners and habits were less oriental than European. He married in 1873 his kinswoman, Amina Hanem, with whom he lived very happily. She was his only wife and Tewfik was a strong advocate of monogamy. He died on Jan. 7, 1892, at the Heluan palace near Cairo, and was suc ceeded by his eldest son, Abbas II. (q.v.).
A warm tribute to Tewfik's many admirable qualities was paid by Baring (Lord Cromer) in his report on the administration of Egypt for 1891 (see Egypt, No. 3, 1892, pp. I and 2).