The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

By an exchange of notes on May 7, 1929, an agreement, satis factory to both parties, was reached by the British and Egyptian Governments in regard to Nile irrigation schemes. It was agreed that no measures, such as supplying the needs of the northern Sudan, should be taken which would prejudice the interests of Egypt, and that there should be co-operation between the Egyptian and Sudanese irrigation services. The immediate effect of the agreement was to allow the Egyptian authorities at once to proceed with the construction of a dam across the White Nile at Gebel Aulia, 3o m. above Khartoum—a project of special importance to Egypt, and in no way affecting the Gezira scheme of the Sudan Government.

of ancient and mediaeval history w

ill be found in The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, edit. Lord E. Gleichen (1905) ; E. A. Wallis Bridge, The Egyptian Sudan (1907) ; H. A. Macmichael, A History of the Arabs in the Sudan, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1922). The Egyptian conquest and events up to 185o are summarized in H. Deherain, Le Soudan egyptien sous Mehemet Ali (1898). For the middle period of Egyptian rule see Sir S. Baker, Ismailia (1874) ; Colonel Gordon in Central Africa, edit. G. Birkbeck Hill (4th ed., 1885), being extracts from Gordon's diary (1874-80 ; R. Buchta. Der Sudan unter agyptischer Herrschaft (Leipzig, 1888) ; Romolo Gessi Pasha, Seven Years in the Soudan (1892). The rise of Mandism and

events down to 1900 are set forth in F. R. Wingate, Mandiism and the Egyptian Sudan (1891), containing translations of letters and proclamations of the Mandi and Khalifa. For this period see Journals of Major General Gordon at Khartoum (1885) ; E. Power, Letters from Khartoum during the Siege (1885), and the following four books written by prisoners of the dervishes are especially valuable: Father J. Ohrwalder, Ten Years' Captivity in the Mandi's CampRR 1_2-92 (1892) ; Slatin Pasha, Fire and Sword in the Sudan (1896) ; Father Paolo Rosignoli, I miei dodici Anni di prigionia in mezzo ai dervice del Sudan (Mondovi, 1898) ; C. Neufeldt, A Prisoner of the Khaleefa (1899) ; G. Dujarric, L'Etat mandiste du Soudan (i9oi). For the Fashoda incident, besides the British and French official despatches, see R. de Caix, Fachoda, la France et l'Angleterre (1899) ; A. Lebon, La Politique de la France, 1896-98 0900 ; G. Hanotaux, Fachoda (Iwo). See also Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt (1908)—for Sudanese history for the years 1881-1907. The annual reports on the Sudan published by the Foreign Office, London, are of much value.

(F. R. C.) SUDAN, CAMPAIGNS IN : see EGYPT : Egypt and Sudan Campaigns, 1882-190o.