TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL (1836-1919), American Hebrew scholar, was born in Norfolk, Va., on March 23, 1836. He graduated at the University of Virginia in 1856, completed in one year the three-year course at the Southern Baptist theological seminary, served in the Confederate army, studied at the Uni versity of Berlin in 1866-68 and taught in various southern edu cational institutions. His resignation from the seminary in which he had studied was accepted in 1879 because of his sympathy with Darwin's views on evolution and his belief that in spite of their divine inspiration there were obvious human errors in the Scrip tures which, however, concerned the shell, not the kernel, of religious truth. After a brief period with the Independent he went to Harvard as professor of Hebrew and Oriental languages and until 1903 Dexter lecturer on biblical literature. He became pro fessor emeritus in 1909 and died in Cambridge, May 12, 1919. He was the author of History of the Religion of Israel (1882), Quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament Judaism and Christianity (189o), Introduction to the History of Religions (1913) and of various critical and exegetical works.
See sketches in the American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature (vol. xxxvi., Oct. 1919) and the Harvard Theological Review (vol. xiii., Jan. 1920) .
survive from the most remote periods, though many so-called diminutive objects made and used by primitive man, sometimes classified as playthings, may have been workmen's models, votive offerings or sepulchral objects. A large number of wooden, earth enware, stone or metal dolls remain with which the children of ancient Egypt once played ; thus in the British Museum collection there is a flat painted wooden doll with strings of mud-beads rep resenting the hair, a bronze woman doll bearing a pot on her head, an earthenware doll carrying and nursing a child; some have movable jointed arms. There are also many toy animals, such as a painted wooden calf, a porcelain elephant with a rider; this once had movable legs, which have disappeared. Balls are found made of leather stuffed with hair, chopped straw and other material, and also of blue porcelain or papyrus. Jointed dolls, moved by strings, were evidently favourite playthings of the Greek and Roman children, and small models of furniture, chairs, tables, sets of jugs painted with scenes of children's life survive from both Greek and Roman times. Balls, tops, rattles and the implements of numerous games, still favourites in all countries and every age, remain to show how little the amusements of children have changed. (See also DOLL; Top.)