The war with the Turks and Egyptians which succeeded the return from India was rendered notable by the capture of Baghdad, Aleppo and Damascus, by the great victory over the Turks at Angora (1402), where the Sultan Bayezid I. was captured, and thereafter dragged in the conqueror's train. (See TURKEY : His tory, and EGYPT: History, Mohammedan period.) This was Timar's last campaign. Another was projected against China, but he was attacked by fever when encamped on the farther side of the Sihon (Syr-Daria) and died at Atrar (Otrar) on Feb. 17, 1405. Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that his body "was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samar kand, where it was buried." Timar had carried his victorious arms on one side from the Irtish and the Volga to the Persian Gulf and on the other from the Hellespont to the Ganges.
Tirades generally recognized biographies are—`Ali Yazdi, com monly called Sharifu 'd-Din, author of the Persian Zafarnama, trans lated by Petis de la Croix in 1722, and from French into English by J. Darby in the following year ; and Ahmad ibn Mohammed ibn Abdallah, al Dimashki, al 'Ajmi, commonly called Ibn 'Arabshah, author of the Arabic 'Ajaibu '1 Makhlnkdt, translated by the Dutch Orientalist Golius in 1636.
There are also the Memoirs (Malfitzdt) and Institutes (Tuzukcit), of which an important section is styled Designs and Enterprises (Tadbirat wa Kangiishahci). Upon the genuineness of these doubt has been thrown. The circumstance of their alleged discovery and presentation to Shah Jahan in 1637 was of itself open to suspicion.
There are supposed likenesses of Tim& in the collections of Oriental mss. and drawings in the British Museum. In Marlowe's Tamburlaine Tim& is described as tall of stature, straightly fashioned, large of limb, having joints strongly knit, long and sinewy arms, a breadth of shoulders to "bear old Atlas's burden," pale of complexion, and with "amber hair wrapp'd in curls." The outline of this description might be from Sharifu 'd-Din, while the colours are the poet's own.
Roy Soc. (1885) ; Jeremiah Curtin, The Mongols, a history, (1908) ; Harold Lamb, Tamerlane, the Earth Shaker (1929) ; see also works quoted, s.v. MorccoLs. (F. J. G.) TIN, a metallic chemical element, symbol Sn (Lat. stannum), atomic number 5o, atomic weight 118.70. Being a component of bronze, it was used as a metal thousands of years prior to the dawn of history; but it does not follow that prehistoric bronzes were made from metallic tin. When the unalloyed metal was first introduced cannot be ascertained with certainty. The "tin" of the Bible corresponds to the Hebrew bedhil, which is really a copper alloy known as early as 160o B.C. in Egypt. All we know is that about the 1st century the Greek word Kao-oirEpos des ignated tin, and that tin was imported from Cornwall into Italy after, if not before, the invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. From Pliny's writings it appears that the Romans in his time did not realize the distinction between tin and lead: the former was called plumbum album or candidum to distinguish it from plumbum nigrum (lead proper). The word stannum definitely assumed its present meaning in the 4th century.
Grains of metallic tin occur intermingled with the gold ores of Siberia, Guiana and Bolivia, and in a few other localities. Of minerals containing this element mention may be made of cassiterite (q.v.) or tinstone, Sn02, and tin pyrites, Cu4SnS4+Fe, the metal also occurs in some epidotes, and in corn pany with columbium, tantalum and other metals. Of these "tin stone" is of the greatest commercial importance. It occurs in its matrix, either in or closely associated with fissure veins or dis seminated through rock masses. It is also found in the form of rolled lumps and grains, "stream tin,", in alluvial gravels ; the latter are secondary deposits, the products of the disintegration of the first-named primary deposits. Almost everywhere primary deposits of tinstone are in or closely connected with granite or acid eruptive rocks of the same type, its mineral associates being tourmaline, fluorspar, topaz, wolfram and ar senical pyrites, the commonest gangue being quartz. An exception to this mode of occurrence, however, is to be found in Bolivia, where the tin ore occurs intimately associated with silver ores, bismuth ores and various sulphides, whilst the gangue includes barytes and certain carbonates. Over five-sixths of the world's total production is derived from secondary alluvial deposits, but the tin obtained in Cornwall (where the alluvial deposits have been worked out) and Bolivia is from vein mining, while a small portion of that yielded by Australasia comes from veins and from granitic rocks carrying disseminated tinstone.