Treaty of Trianon

TRIANON, TREATY OF. The treaty of peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary was signed at the Trianon on June 4, 192o. Owing to the outbreak of Bela Kun's revolution in Hungary, the delegates of that nation were not sum moned to the Peace Conference till Nov. 1919. Previous to that date, however, on June 13, 1919 the Supreme Council had decided upon the new frontiers of Rumania and Czechoslovakia and had published them. The Hungarian Government received the treaty in Jan. 192o and on June 4 it was signed at Trianon.

Though the separation of Hungary from Austria and its com plete independence were recognized, the details of the Hungar ian Treaty were otherwise very closely akin to those of the Aus trian, the most important difference being that, while the Treaty of St. Germain was signed with the republic of Austria, that of Trianon was signed with Hungary, or with "the national Govern ment of Hungary," a phrase permitting her to be regarded as a Government where the monarchy is temporarily in suspense. Though Charles never abdicated the kingship of Hungary and there is no provision in the treaty for his deposition or for that of any Habsburg, he was formally deposed by a law passed by the Hungarian Assembly (after his attempted Putsch, Oct. 1921) at the insistence of the Allies. (See HABSBURG.) On her admis sion to the League of Nations in 1922 Hungary submitted to the League a document pledging herself not to restore the Habsburgs without the consent of the Allies, and confirming the under taking to the Conference of Ambassadors of Nov. Io, 1921.

Territorial Clauses.

The territorial clauses of the Hun garian Treaty reduced her to a population of 7,500,000 (1910 census), of whom approximately 6,250,000 are Hungarians (Mag yars) ; 5oo,000 are Germans, 500,000 are Jews, 230,000 are Slays and Slovaks and 5o,000 are Rumanians. Fiume was ceded to the principal Allies by article 53 and, of ter being erected into a free city, was eventually annexed by Italy (1924). Hungary lost to other nations over 3,000,00o Magyars, of whom 1,500,000 go to Rumania, nearly I,000,000 to Czechoslovakia and soo,000 to Yu goslavia. Much of the Magyar population lost (as e.g., the

Szekler area) consists of Magyar islands isolated amid a sea of Slays or Rumanians. The Pécs area, with its valuable coal mines, was returned and a line drawn in this area so as to give Hungary a defensible frontier. For economic reasons the three Magyar towns of Satul-Mare (Szatmar) Oradea-Mare (Nagyvarad) and Arad and the surrounding Magyar zone were given to Rumania.

Part V.—The military, naval and air clauses were almost exactly similar to those of the Austrian Treaty except that Hun gary was allowed an army of 35,000 instead of Austria's 30,000. Part VI., Prisoners of War and Graves, and Part VII., Penalties, were the same as in the Austrian Treaty. (See ST. GERMAIN, TREATY OF.) Part VIII.—Reparation.—This section is verbally almost identical with the Austrian section, and both are a close imitation of the German. For various reasons it was not possible to fix the exact amount of reparation. But Hungary was forced to sur render all rights to her merchant ships on "the ton for ton, class for class basis," and her reparations in kind were to be fixed in three months by the Reparation Commission, which was to deliver cattle to Italy, to Rumania, and to the Serb-Croat-Slovene king dom (Annex iv. to Part viii.).

Financial and Economic Clauses.

Articles 180-199 are mainly concerned with liquidating the Austro-Hungarian National Bank, thus separating the last link with Austria. Part X., the economic clauses, calls for no special remark, nor does Part XI., Aerial Navigation. The economic clauses are the same as the Aus trian the latter like that of both German and Austrian Treaties. Part XII., ports, waterways and railways, is mainly concerned with the regulation of the Danube, for which a statute was even tually drawn up. As in the case of the Austrian Treaty (Article 311), the Hungarian in Article 294 provides for the free access of Hungary to the Adriatic, though practically nothing has been done to secure it. Part XIII., labour, is the same in all treaties and Part XIV., miscellaneous provisions, calls for no remark.