VARNHAGEN VON ENSE, KARL AUGUST 1858), German biographer, was born at Diisseldorf on Feb. 21, 1785. He studied at Berlin, Halle and Tubingen. He began his literary career in 1804 as joint-editor with Adelbert von Chamisso (q.v.) of a Musenalmanacli. In 1809 he joined the Austrian army, and was wounded at the battle of Wagram. Soon afterwards he accompanied his superior officer, Prince Bentheim, to Paris, where he carried on his studies. In 1812 he entered the Prussian civil service at Berlin, but in the following year resumed his military career, this time as a captain in the Russian army. He accompanied Tettenborn, as adjutant to Hamburg and Paris, and his experiences were recorded in his Gesciziclite der Hamburger Ereignisse (London, 1813), and his Geschichte der Kriegszfige des Generals von Tettenborn (1815). At Paris he entered the diplomatic service of Prussia, and in 1814 acted under Harden berg at the congress of Vienna. He also accompanied Hardenberg to Paris in 1815. He was resident minister for some time at Karlsruhe, but was recalled in 1819, after which, with the title of "Geheimer Legationsrat," he lived chiefly at Berlin. He had no fixed official appointment, but was often employed in impor tant political business. In 1814 he married Rahel Levin (177'— 1833) sister of the poet, Ludwig Robert (1778-1832). By birth she was a Jewess; but before her marriage she made profession of Christianity. She was a woman of remarkable intellectual qualities, and exercised a powerful influence on many men of high ability. After her death her husband published a selection from her papers, and afterwards much of her correspondence was printed. Varnhagen von Ense died suddenly in Berlin on Oct. 1o,
1858.
He made some reputation as an imaginative and critical writer, but he is famous chiefly as a biographer. He possessed a remark able power of grouping facts so as to bring out their essential significance, and his style is distinguished for its strength, grace and purity. Among his principal works are Goethe in den Zeugnissen der Mitlebenden (1824) ; Biographische Denkmale (5 vols., 5824-30; 3rd ed., 5872) ; and biographies of General von Seydlitz (1834), Sophia Charlotte, queen of Prussia (1837), Field-Marshal Schwerin (1841), Field-Marshal Keith (1844), and General Billow von Dennewitz (1853). His Denkwiirdigkeiten and vermischte Schriften appeared in 9 vols. in the two last volumes appearing after his death. His niece, Ludmilla Assing, between 1860 and 1867, edited several volumes of his correspondence with eminent men, and his Tagebiicher (14 vols., 1861-70) Bliitter aus der preussischen Geschichte appeared in 5 vols. (1868-69) ; his correspondence with Rahel in 6 vols. (1874-75) ; and with Carlyle (1892). His selected writings appeared in 19 vols. in 1871-76. There is also an extensive literature dealing with Rahel Varnhagen von Ense; see especially her husband's Rahel, ein Buch des Andenkens (3 vols., 1834) ; Ass Rahels Herzensleben (1877) ; E. Schmidt-Weissenfels, Rahel und ihre Zeit (1857) ; Brief wechsel zwischen Karoline von Humboldt, Rahel und Varnhagen von Ense (1896) ; 0. Berdrow, Rahel Varnhagen (19oo).