Theory Of Value
Value, Theory Of. Until Recently There Has Been No General Theory Of Value. Value Has Long Been A Fundamental Notion Of Political Economy And Various Theories Of Its Nature Have Been Developed, But It Is Only In The Last Decades That It Has Been Uni Versally Recognized As One Of ...
Thomas Tusser
Tusser, Thomas (c. 1524-1580), English Poet, Son Of William And Isabella Tusser, Was Born At Rivenhall, Essex, About 1524. He Was A Chorister At Wallingford Castle, And Then At St. Paul's Cathedral, And From There Went To Eton College. He Was Elected To King's College, Cambridge, In 1543, Moved To ...
Total Commerce Of The
Total Commerce Of The United States Early Commerce Of The United States, As A Sepa Rate Nation, Had Its Genesis In Colonial Trade, Of Which It Was In Fact But A Continuation Under Altered Political Auspices. The Early Commerce Of The United States Was Largely Water-borne And Consisted Of Coastwise ...
Treaty Of Utrecht
Utrecht, Treaty Of, The General Name Given To The Important Series Of Treaties Which In 1713 And 1714 Con Cluded The War Of The Spanish Succession (q.v.). The Congress Opened On Jan. 29, 1712. But It Was Not Until July 1o, 1712, That King Philip Of Spain Signed A Renunciation ...
Trombone
Trombone, An Important Member Of The Brass Wind Family Of Musical Instruments Formerly Known As Sackbut (q.v.). The Trombone Is Characterized By The Slide, Consisting Of Two Parallel Cylindrical Tubes, Over Which Two Other Cylindrical Tubes, Communicating At Their Lower Extremities By Means Of A Short Semicircular Pipe, Slips Without ...
Tropical Agriculture
Tropical Agriculture. Modern Industry Receives From Tropical Regions Two-thirds Of The Sugar Entering Interna Tional Trade. From The Tropics Come The World's Bananas, Pine Apples, Dates, Vegetable Oils ; The Indispensable Beverage Materials, Coffee, Cacao, And Tea; Sisal And Henequen, And Related Fibres, Abaca, Jute, Kapok; Quinine, Camphor, And Other ...
Tropical Medicine
Tropical Medicine. As Medicine Advances From The Status Of An Art To That Of A Science, So Do The Bounds Which Demarcate Tropical Medicine Become More Faint. Few Major Diseases Are Restricted To The Lower Latitudes, And Tropical Medi Cine, As Here Considered, Embraces All Those Maladies Which, For Some ...
Tropine
Tropine (tropanol), One Of The Simpler Chemical Products Into Which The Poisonous Alkaloid Atropine (q.v.) Is Converted By The Action Of Acids Or Alkalis. Tropine Is Also Poisonous But No Longer Retains The Property Of Dilating The Pupil Of The Eye. It Crystallises In Colourless Plates Melting At 63° C ...
Tropisms
Tropisms, Forced Movements Of An Organism (or Of A Large Part Of An Organism) In Response To External Stimuli Which Bring About Obligatory Physiological Reactions Which Are Related To The Direction In Which The Stimulus Reaches The Organism. A Good Illustration Is The Familiar Phenomenon Of Plants Turning To The ...
Trotzendorff
Trotzendorff (or Trocedorfius), Valentin Friedland (149o-1556), German Educationist, Called Trot Zendorff From His Birthplace, Near Gorlitz, In Prussian Silesia, Was Born On Feb. 14, 1490, Of Parents So Poor That They Could Not Keep Him At School. Nevertheless He Was Sent To Study At Gor Litz, And Became A Schoolmaster ...
Troubadour
Troubadour, The Name Given To The Poets Of Southern France And Of Northern Spain And Italy Who Wrote In The Langue D'oc From The 12th To The 14th Centuries. In Provençal The Word Is Spelt Trobaire Or Trovador, And Is Derived From The Verb Trobar, To Find, Or To Invent ...
Trout
Trout (salmo Trutta), A Fish Closely Related To The Salmon, But With A Larger Mouth, The Maxillary Extending To Below The Posterior Edge Of The Eye In Fish 6 In. Long Well Beyond The Eye In Larger Ones, And With The Caudal Fin Less Emarginate. In The Sea The Trout ...
Trouvere
Trouvere, The Name Given To The Mediaeval Poets Of Northern And Central France, Who Wrote In The Langue D'oil Or Langue D'oui. The Trouveres Flourished Abundantly In The 12th And 13th Centuries. They Were Court-poets Who Devoted Themselves Almost Exclusively To The Composition And Recitation Of A Particular Kind Of ...
Troy
Troy, A City Of Eastern New York, U.s.a., The County Seat Of Rensselaer County; On The East Bank Of The Hudson River, 7 M. Above Albany, At The Mouth Of The Mohawk. It Is On Federal Highway 9 And The State Barge Canal, And Is Served By The Boston And ...
Troy
Troy And Troad. The Troad Rpcpos), Or Land Of Troy, Is The North-west Promontory Of Asia Minor, Between The Valleys Of The Caicus On The South And The Aesepus Flowing Into Propontis On The East. The Eastern Limit Was Variously Defined By Ancient Writers. Geographically, It Is Undoubtedly (as Strabo ...
Troyes
Troyes, A Town Of France, Capital Of The Department Of Aube, 104 M. E.s.e. Of Paris On The Eastern Railway To Belfort. Pop. (1931) 57,601. The Town Stands In The Wide Alluvial Plain Watered By The Seine, The Main Stream Of Which Skirts It On The East. It Is Traversed ...
Truce Of God
Truce Of God, An Attempt Of The Church In The Middle Ages To Alleviate The Evils Of Private Warfare. The Two Measures Which Were Adopted By The Church To Remedy This Evil—the Pax Ecclesiae Or Dei And The Treuga Or Treva Dei—are Usually Both Referred To As The Truce Of ...
Truffle
Truffle, The Name Of Several Kinds Of Subterranean Fungi Of The Family Ascomycetes. (see Fungi..) Truffles Have Been Famous For Their Esculent Qualities From Classical Times. Several Were Recognized By The Ancient Greeks And Romans ; Theo Phrastus (c. 30o "lc.) Gives One Of Them A Name Which Apparently Refers ...
Trujillo
Trujillo, The Capital And Prefectural Seat Of The Depart Ment Of La Libertad, In Peru, Lies In Lat. 8° 7' S. And Long. 79° 9' W., Some 30o Miles Up The Coast And North Of Lima, The Capital. It Is The Second City In Peru In Point Of Age, Having ...
Trumpet
Trumpet, In Music, A Brass Wind Instrument With Cup Shaped Mouthpiece And A Very Characteristic Tone. It Consists Of A Brass Or Silver Tube With A Narrow Cylin Drical Bore Except For The Bell Joint, Form Ing From To A Of The Whole Length, Which Is Conical And Terminates In ...
Truss
Truss, In Engineering And Architecture, A Combination Of Structural Members, Usually Straight, And So Arranged In One Plane That By Being Connected At Their Ends They Form A Rigid Frame On Which To Support A Roof, Floor, Bridge Or Other Similar Weight. In The Theoretically Perfect Truss The Component Parts ...
Trust
Trust And Trustees. Use In Early English Law.—the Use Or Trust Is Said To Have Been The Invention Of Ecclesiastics Well Acquainted With Roman Law, The Object Being To Escape The Provisions Of The Laws Against Mortmain By Obtaining The Conveyance Of An Estate To A Friend On The Understanding ...
Trust Company
Trust Company, Is A Financial Institution Organized To Perform Duties And Functions For Corporations And Private Indi Viduals And To Assume The General Responsibilities Imposed Upon Individuals And Corporations Under The Law Of Trusts. While The Principal Business Of These Companies In Their Formative Period Early In The Last Century ...
Trusts
Trusts. The Term "trust" Is A Convenient Though Mostly Inaccurate Label Popularly Applied To Any Large Business Concern, Or Amalgamation Or Association Of Business Concerns, Which Ex Ercises Some Degree Of Monopolistic Power Over Output And Prices In The Industry With Which It Is Connected. The "trust," As It First ...
Truth
Truth. The Concept Of Truth Belongs To The 'fundamental Philosophical Problems—in Fact, One May Describe It As The Central Question Of All Theoretical Philosophy. The First Step In Philosophic Reflection Consists In Asking The Question Concerning The Nature And Criteria Of Truth. The World Of Being Is No Longer Accepted ...
Tseng Kuo Fan 1811 1872
Tseng Kuo-fan (1811-1872), Chinese Statesman And General, Was Born In 1811 In The Province Of Hunan, Where He Took In . Succession The Three Degrees Of Chinese Scholarship. In 1843 He Was Appointed Chief Literary Examiner In The Province Of Szechuen, And Six Years Later Was Made Junior Vice-president Of ...
Tsingtao
Tsingtao, A Port On A Large Inlet Named Kiaochow Bay, On The South Side Of The Base Of The Shantung Peninsula, China. The Bay Was Occupied By Germany After The Murder Of Two Mission Aries In Shantung In 1897, And Negotiations Followed, Resulting In A Lease Of Land To Germany ...
Tsinlingshan
Tsinlingshan, A Range Of Mountains Which Forms The Southern Wall Of The Wei-ho Valley And Extends Eastwards Into The Plain Of North China (honan). It Forms A Boundary In Geology, Climate And Human Relations Between The Region Of Loess In The North And The Basin Of The Yangtze To The ...
Tuareg
Tuareg, Also Tawarek (sing. Tarqi), The Name Given By Arabs To The Western And Central Saharan Berber Peoples In The Desert From Tuat To Timbuktu And From Fezzan To Zinder, An Area Of About 1,500,00o Sq.m. The Tuareg Resort To The Centres From Which The Trade Routes Radiate, Timbuktu, Ghat, ...
Tuat
Tuat, A Word Sometimes Applied Generally To All The Oases In The Western Part Of The Algerian Sahara, I.e., Between 2° W. And 24° E. 26° And 3o° N., Sometimes Restricted To A Particular Group Which Borders The East Side Of Wad Messaud Between 26k° And 271° N. According To ...
Tube
Tube. This Term Generally Refers To A Hollow Cylinder Or Pipe For Conveying Liquids Or Gases. In Botany It Denotes The Narrow Basal Portion Of A Gamopetalous Corolla Or A Gamosepalous Calyx. For A Discussion Of The Manufacture Of Metal Tubing, See The Articles On Iron And Steel ; Chemical ...
Tuberculin
Tuberculin. Tuberculin, The Name Given To Various Specific Substances Obtained From Artificial Cultures Of The Tubercle Bacillus, Discovered By Robert Koch In 1890. Koch Wrote : "tuberculin Will Become An Indispensable Agent In The Diagnosis Of Tuberculosis, Especially In The Early Stages Of Phthisis" And "much More Important Is Its ...
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis Is A Disease Of Man And Animals Caused By The Tubercle Bacillus, Which Belongs To The "acid-fast" Group Of Bacteria, Some Of Which Are Pathogenic And Others Quite Harmless. The Most Important Pathogenic Varieties Are The "human," The "bovine" And The "avian." Whether These Are To Be Regarded ...
Tucson
Tucson (too-son'), A City In Southeastern Arizona, Lying In The Broad Valley Of The Santa Cruz River. It Is About 2,400 Ft. Above Sea Level And Is Sheltered By Mountains 5,000-9,000 Ft. High. Pop. (1910) 13,193; (1920) 20,292 ; In 1930 By The Federal Census 32,506. In 1920 5,181 Were ...
Tudor Family
Tudor (family). The House Of Tudor, Which Gave Five Sovereigns To England, Is Derived By All The Welsh Genealogists From Ednyfed Vychan Of Tregarnedd In Anglesey, Who Is Named In 1232 As Steward Of Llywelyn, Prince Of North Wales, And Seven Years Later, As An Arbitrator In A Convention To ...
Tudor Period
Tudor Period, In Architecture And The Decorative Arts, A Loose Term Covering The Final Phase Of Perpendicular Gothic And The Earlier Phases Of Elizabethan Or Even Jacobean Work, From Which It Is Usually Differentiated By The Fact That Those Examples In Which The Gothic Influence Predominates Are Termed Tudor, While ...
Tuff
Tuff, A Rock Consisting Of Volcanic Ash, The Ejectamenta Of Craters In A State Of Eruption (ital. Tufo). The Products Of A Volcanic Eruption May Be Classified Into (a) Steam And Other Gases, (b) Lavas, (c) Ashes. The Ashes Have Not Been Burnt In Any Way, Though They Resemble Cinders ...
Tulip
Tulip, A Genus (tulipa) Of Bulbous Herbs Belonging To The Lily Family (liliaceae). The Species Are Found Wild Along The Northern Shores Of The Mediterranean, In The Levant, Armenia, Caucasus, Northern Africa, Persia, And Sporadically Across North And Central Asia To Japan. The Cup-shaped Flowers Have Six Regu Lar Segments ...
Tulsa
Tulsa, A City Of Oklahoma, U.s.a., 218 M. (by Air) S. By W. Of Kansas City, On The Arkansas River; County Seat Of Tulsa County. It Is On Federal Highways 64, 66 And 75 ; And Is Served By The Frisco, The Midland Valley, The Missouri-kansas-texas, The Oklahoma Union, The ...
Tulsi Das 1532 1623
Tulsi Das (1532-1623), The Greatest And Most Famous Of Hindi Poets, Was A Sarwariya Brahman, Born, According To Tradition, In A.d. 1 53 2, During The Reign Of Humayan, Most Probably At Rajapur In The Banda District South Of The Jumna. His Father's Name Was Atma Ram Sukal Dube ; ...
Tumour
Tumour, A Term Applied, From The Earliest Period Of Medical Literature, To Any Swelling Of Which The Nature And Origin Were Un Known. Consequently A Heterogeneous Collection Of Swellings Was Described As Tumours, Including Such Diverse Conditions As An Abscess, A Tuberculous Gland, The Enlarged Spleen Of Malaria Or A ...
Tunbridge Wells
Tunbridge Wells, A Municipal Borough And Inland Watering-place Of England, Chiefly In The Tonbridge Parliamentary Division Of Kent, But Extending Into The Eastern Division Of Sussex, 32 M. S.e. By S. Of London By The S. Railway. Pop. 35,367. It Owes Its Popularity To Its Chalybeate Spring And Its Beautiful ...
Tung Oil
Tung Oil. Two Varieties Are Known, Differing Slightly In Their Physical Properties, Termed Chinese Tung Oil (china Wood Oil) And Japanese Tung Oil According To The Country Of Origin. In China The Oil Is Prepared From The Seeds Of Aleurites Cordata; These Are Roasted In Flat Dishes Over A Fire, ...
Tungsten
Tungsten. The Name Tungsten Means "heavy Stone" (sw. Tung, Heavy, Sten, Stone), And Directs Attention To The High Specific Gravity Of The Element And Its Ores. (symbol W, Atomic Number 74, Atomic Weight 184.o.) Up To The Middle Of The 18th Century The Mineral Then Known As Tungsten, But Now ...
Tungsten Steel
Tungsten Steel. The Earliest Alloy Of This Type Is Mushet Steel (q.v.). It Contains From 5.5 To 9.o% Of Tungsten And Also Carries Enough Manganese To Give It Air-hardening Properties And To Class It As A Quaternary Alloy. This Article Considers Principally Commercial Ternary Alloys Of Tungsten. High Carbon Steels ...
Tunicata
Tunicata, A Well-marked Class Of Marine Animals, Normally Distinguished By The Possession Of An External Cuticle Of Cellulose (the Tunic Or Test), And Of Two More Or Less Prominent Siphons, One Inhalant, The Other Exhalant, Leading Into Corresponding Internal Chambers (the Branchial Sac And Atrium), Which Communicate With One Another ...