Of the other ancient cities, Neandria seems to be rightly fixed at Mt. Chigri, not far from Alexandria Troas, remarkable for its fine view of the whole Troad. Cebrene has been located in the eastern part of the plain of Bairamich; Palaeoscepsis, farther east, on Ida, while the new Scepsis was near Bairamich. At Kulakli, south of the mouth of the Tuzla, Corinthian columns mark the temple of Apollo Smintheus (excavated in 1866 by Pullan) and (approximately) the Homeric Chryse. Colonae was on the coast opposite Tenedos. Scamandria was at Eneh, in the plain of Baira mich, and Cenchreae probably some way north of it. The shrine of Palamedes, Polymedium, has been discovered by J. T. Clarke between Assus and Cape Lectum ; the sacred enclosure and the statue of Palamedes were on the acropolis. Clarke also found very ancient walls on Gargarus, the highest peak of Ida.
The traditional site, at the Hellenistic Ilium, is the mound of Hissarlik, on a spur between the main Scamander valley and its last tributary from the east (anc. Simois), about 3-1- m. from the Hellespont and from the Aegean shore, north of Besika bay. The famous academic dispute con cerning the site, which began about A.D. 160 with Demetrius of Scepsis, may be regarded as settled by the discovery, made in 1893, of a fortress on the mound of Hissarlik, contemporary with the great period of Mycenae, and overlying the smaller and the earlier acropolis first identified by Schliemann in 1872. The rival ruins of a small hill fort on the Bali Dagh which, with an other on an opposite crag, commanded the gorge where the Sca mander descends into the plain neither accord with Homeric de scription nor challenge the remains at Hissarlik in importance.
No site in the Troad accords completely with all the topo graphical clues ingeniously derived from the text of Homer. The hot and cold springs that lay just without the gate of "Troy" are no more to be identified with Bunarbashi, which wells out more than a mile from the Bali Dagh ruins, than with the choked con duits south of Hissarlik, opened by Schliemann in 1882. But the broader topography is recognizable in the modern plain of the Menderes. The old bed of that river is the Scamander, and its little tributary, the Dumbrek Su, is the Simois. In their fork lies Hissarlik or Troy. In sight of it are, on the one side, the peak of Samothrace (Il. xiii. 11-14); on the other Mt. Ida (Kaz Dagh : viii. 52). Hissarlik lies in the plain (xx. 216), easily reached by foes from the shore, or left and regained in a night by a Trojan visiting the Achaean camp (vii. 381-421)• Archaeological Investigation of Troy.—Schliemann's ex
cavations at Hissarlik in 1872-74, supplemented and confirmed by W. Dorpfeld in 1891-94, established the existence of nine superposed settlements, as follows : I. On the virgin soil of the natural hillock a small village of the late Aegean Neolithic period, at the dawn of the Bronze age, contemporary with the upper part of the Cnossian Neo lithic bed, includes what were supposed by Schliemann to be two primitive settlements. Thin walls of rough stones, bonded with mud, reveal no house-plans, nor traces of fortress wall. Imple ments in obsidian and various kinds of stone, clay whorls, a little worked ivory, accompany dark monochrome pottery, hand-pol ished, with simple geometric decoration, incised and often filled with white.
Superposed and comprehending a larger area, lies the "second city," better constructed and preserved, and twice rebuilt. Its massive fortress wall of rudely squared "Cyclopean" masonry suffered several restorations and eventual destruction, except on the south. Double gates at south-east and south-west are well preserved. The most complete and most important structures within are a megaron and vestibule of the type familiar in "My cenaean" palaces, with one or more smaller replicas alongside it, like the "women's quarters" at Tiryns (q.v.) and Phylakopi. (See AEGEAN CIVILIZATION.) This is the fortress proclaimed by Schlie mann in 1873 to be the "Pergamos" of Troy, mainly because it perished by fire. But this second stratum belongs to a primitive stage of local civilization preceding the "Mycenaean," which is the earliest recalled by the Homeric poems. The pottery now shows the first rare use of paint, and of technique and fantastic forms parallel to those of the pre-Mycenaean Cyclades. Trough spouted vases are characteristic, and rude reproductions of human features are common in this ware, which seems all native. Bronze had come into use for implements, weapons and vessels ; a hoarded treasure found in the ruins of the fortification wall includes much gold and silver. But the forms are primitive and the workman ship very rude. Personal ornaments are cut out of thin plate gold or built of coiled wire. But some of the discs, bracelets and pendants, with advanced spiral ornament, found in 1878 and as cribed to this stratum, belong undoubtedly to the sixth or "My cenaean." Rough fiddle-shaped idols, whorls, a little worked ivory and some lead make up a find, of whose early period (prob ably about 2o00 B.c.) comparison of objects found elsewhere leaves no doubt. This treasure is now deposited in Berlin with the bulk of Schliemann's collection.