Turkey-in-Europe has, for political reasons remained inacces sible to the archaeologist. There is no excavated site there or in the Gallipoli peninsula. Yet the plains of eastern Thrace are studded with the tumuli and settlements of many races and the im portance of excavation in those parts is manifest. Ainos (the mod ern Enos) at the mouth of the Maritsa river is an old Greek colony and there are many others along the shores of Marmora. Cyzicus near Panderma is the largest site in the Marmora region but it has never been excavated. Gallipoli was in antiquity fairly well pop ulated in the Hellenic period, mainly by Athenian colonies.
Constantinople is said to have a total of 1,011,265 inhabitants, though in the recent census the total was given as some 850,00o. The larger number, however, may be taken as including all the suburbs along the Bosporus and the Golden Horn, while the smaller number represents only the strictly urban population. Of the total of 1,011,265 a majority is Turkish-682,801 in all. There are 181,188 Greeks, 81,357 Ar menians, 3,782 Bulgarians, 387 Greek Catholics and 61,750 Jews and other nationalities.
In Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, on the other hand, the distribution of populations has changed completely since 1922. The Greek population of these two provinces was some three million. During the period of the Greco-Turkish war of 1921-1922 half of this total emigrated into Greece and have under the aus pices of the League of Nations been permanently placed in the new provinces of Greece, Thrace, Macedonia, and also to a large extent in Attica and Thessaly. The remaining one and a half mih lion have vanished. Their disappearance can be attributed to starvation, massacre (of which that of Smyrna in 1922 was the most serious) and gradual extermination.
To counterbalance this serious loss of an industrious population Turkey can show only some 500,00o Turkish subjects who were exchanged for equal numbers of the Greek emigrants. The set back to Turkish prosperity by this expulsion and extermination was serious, but there are signs that the country is now beginning to recover. The most populous vilayet is that of Smyrna which
totals 532,009. Konia comes next with 502,228 while that of Angora has 404,725 and that of Brusa 399,545. Eastern Thrace is still fairly populous despite the loss of the Greeks who formed a high proportion of its inhabitants. The vilayet of Adrianople has no less than 150,889 inhabitants while that of Rodosto on the Sea of Marmora (originally a Greek town) has 132,120. The total population shows an excess of some 500,000 women over men, a condition largely caused by the war.
The capital is now Angora which has a population of some 75,000 and is a growing city, but since 1928 the Government has shown a tendency to use Constantinople as the capital during the summer months.
Statistics are not available to show the total numbers of Kurds, Circassians, Armenians, Arabs and other nationalities in the va rious vilayets.
On the whole Turkey has abandoned the old Ottoman idea of Imperial sway over many races and in its place has adopted an uncompromising nationalism which seeks to assimilate all sub ject races to the Turkish. This has naturally provoked certain opposition, particularly on the part of the Kurds, who have a very highly developed sense of nationalism. But with most of the other races it is certainly succeeding and Turkey to-day pre sents a much more homogeneous appearance that she did before the war. Constantinople has the greatest racial mixture.
The total number of Jews in Turkey is about 150,000. The bulk of these are the Spanish. Jews of the same type as those found at Salonika, of the Sephardim group. The rest are Polish Jews of the Ashkenazim group or Deunmehs (Jewish converts to Islam).