Of the roof —Open roofs, those in which all the beams and rafters are visible, should of course be adopted, the use of ceiling is now almost quite exploded ; roofs of this kind not only atlbrd an appearance of greater height to the build ing, but also have a perspective effect, by the repetition of the same parts, which adds to the apparent length or the church; itideed, the same building covered at one time with an open roof, and at another with a flat ceiling, would present two such very different aspects. as scarcely to be recognized as identical. \various forms may be used, of which, whether rich or simple, beautiful ancient examples are to be found ; in small churches, where the span is incon siderable. the arched fd Mil May be used with advantage; the amount of trussing increases of course with the span. Tie beams are seareely admissible, as they detract from the aspiring principle developq in church architecture, and arrest the eye in its progress upwards ; they have in a small dd)gree the same effect as a flat ceiling : there is, however. Si dom oceasion f (r their employment. they are not requisite in a high pitched rod,1". especially where the walls of the building are or thickness; the thrust is rather vertical than Of peres.-1,et all the seats be low open benches with low hawks, the lower the better, as fin: as will allow ; for as the, height increases, so the distance from each ether; it' this circumstance be not attended to, the high hack will be found to be in the way : (i convenient height is two feet six, preserving the same measurement between every two seats. The benches must be arranged across the church so as to face the east, and in such a manner as to allow of easy access to every part or the ehiirdi for this purpose, there should he a main passage mining, along the centre of the nave, live or six feet wide, and another of the same measurement across the church, connecting the north and south doors; smaller passages are necessary along the aisles, and at the east end or the nave. In small churches, the standards at the ends of the seats should be of a plain character, hut in the 1(1171•1• ones they may be carved and finished at the top with pd)ppy heads, &e.
Of galleries.—Galleries should on no account he admitted into a churell; they entirely spoil its appearance, cutting up windows, and sometimes pillars, into two or more. pieces, hiding the roof, marring, the proportions, and obstructing a fair view of the interior : they are noisy, ill-ventilated, and clumsy, and not only are they ill-ventilated themselves, but they interfere a proper circulation of air in the aisles beneath them, and by their principle of over-crowdinp.; church, assist materially in vitiating the air throughout the building. And what is the advantage proposed to be effect ed by them ?—the economizing of space. that is, the ob taining an increase of accommodation at a small expense: but do they effect this object I decidedly not : the additional space obtained by their adoption is very trifling, for from the total area of the gallery must lee deducted, not only the main passage. leading at the back of the seats throughout its length, lent also the numerous cross passages branching from it to afford convenient access to the different parts of the gallery, so that, in filet, in the majority of cases, a full third, and in some instances nearly one half of the area obtained, is lost in passages of communication ; add to this the space occupied in the aisles. by the piers or other supports, and it will be
evident that the advantages in point of aecommodation are very small. When, bearing all this in mind, we consider that the walling is frequently carried up to a greater height than otherwise necessary, for the sake of introducing a gallery, we shall scarcely be prepared to defend such excrescences On the score of economy.
Of the principal farnitnre.—The first object which needs a few- remarks is the font ; it shordd invariably be of stone, as ordered by the church, and of a size suflicient for the immersion of infants; there should be a drain leading from the bottom of the bowl down into the earth. to carry oil' the water used in the service. and the howl, when not in use, should be protected by a cover. The sitnatidm of the font must be near the entrance in the nave. and should have sufficient space left round it for the priest, and others innnediately in the rite. The pulpit, which may he or wood or stone. should be at the south-east or north-east end of the nave, either detached or built up with the wall or pier, and should not be elevated at too great a height : it' there he a choice of situation, the north side of the nave is the preferable position. We need say nothing in this place respecting the furniture of the cleaned, as it has already been described under that title ; we may only add that we should he glad to see the whole of it introdneed into our modern churches, even to the rood screen, which is so much objected to by some, on ammo of its being, as they a llomish invention, whereas in fact it has been employed in the Eastern as well as the Western church. from the very earliest period.
Of the lighting, warming, and ventilation of ch arches._ The best method of lighting a church is by candles, whielr may be held either in standards fixed or moveable, or in chandeliers made after the pattern ()I' the ancient corona. lucis. Gas is cheaper than wax-lights, we are aware, hut a trifling additional expense should scarcely be a consideration in such a matter; besides, amongst dither disadvantages, the glare of gas-lights is bin ill adapted to the solemnity of a church, and the heat emitted from them is oppressive and somniferous. A fire-place is hardly admissible into (1 church, and stoves. hot air or water pipes. should never lie attempted. they are unsafe. as well as unhealthy. The best method of, regulating the temperature of a church, is by building sub stantial walls, and efficient drains. allowing a free circulation of air, and keeping the whole building in good and proper If low henehes, and high-pitched open roofs be adopted, while galleries and gas-lights are at the same time discarded, there will be little difficulty as to ventilation.