There are now about 50 acres of the same kind of marsh land adjoining his ; and also about 100 acres on the other side of the river, banked in, all nearly in the same manner as represented in the figure. The bank on a farm on the side of the river opposite to his was made almost a complete wreck, by an extraordinary tide. owing to its lying quite exposed to the south-west winds, which always send up the highest tides ; hut on his side, though suffering some injure from the same high title, he was not affected by those winds, as they blew right over the bank. In his opinion, the bank on the other side of the river, in order to be durable, would require to be 30 feet broad, and S feet high, covered with feals, with the green side out ; and that no stuff should be lifted within 6 or 7 feet of it, the ground being of a sandy nature. It might be toads after the form shown at Figure 19. The whole of this turned out most excellent land, and eon dunes to produce to this day some attic finest crops in that part of the country.
.Anot her improvement of the same nature was accomplished on what in Scotland is termed raise land, on the farm of Netherton of Grange, belonging to James Peterkin. Esq•, by :NI r. John Moves, his tenant. The work was undertaken under an agreoThent with the proprietor, to allow one year's rent, of .£195 sterling. with the farther allowance of amelio rating the nirm-houses to the extent of £150 more. The method adopted for carrying on the operations was this :— A fter looking over the carse, and marking out the line or dike, the length of which is 1,400 yards. mostly in a right line, except an angle at the distance of 300 yards from the west end. and a segment of a circle at about 250 the south east end, it was resolved to make the embankment 6 feet bigh in the highest part of the and to allow 2 feet of breadth in the bottom of every foot in height, as seen by the draught of the mould at Figure 20. After taking the level of the carse. it was found that where the ground was low, and a good deal of it broken by runs; of the sea and outlets ft or the water. the dike would require to be S and 10 feet high, to have it on a level at the top ; so that the average would be 0 feet high. The embankment was built in the following manner : It was begun on the highest ground, Hear the west end, and two moulds set up at the distance of 70 or SO yards; the height, 6 feet, by 1• broad in the base ; the slope on the outside 6 feet, on the inside 4 feet. and the breadth at the feet ; the sides made up with feal from the broken around on the outside of the dike, which were laid with the grass-side down, two foal deep on each side of the dike ; the outside feat of the first course with the ends out and in, and the other running along ; the next course. the outside lea] running along, and the outside out and in. and so on alternately, each course consisting of a head and runner t the body of the dike being made up of the earse ground from which the foal had been cut, and packed down by men with beaters. When this was brought to the height of 4 or 5 feet,
another piece was begun, leaving an intermediate space, where there were any water-runs, for the egress of the tide : this was found necessary, to draw off the water from the low parts of the carse, which would have been filled up in spring tides ; and, by coming in at the end and over the high ground, would have been prevented from getting out by the dike, if it had not been done in that way ; so that the embankment was all in detached pieces, till it was brought near the height. These intermediate spaces were then filled lop, between the fall of one and rise of next spring-tide, after laying down wooden pipes with stoppers in the dike, to carry oil' the sink.water. In carrying on the work, they had in some places to cross over lakes and runs made by the tides, which required vast quantities of materials. the dike being in some places upwards of 10 feet high, and 22 broad in the base ; the greatest part of the dike being 16 to 18 feet broad. There was one lake of 150 feet in length, and 50 feet in breadth, filled up with earth, clay, and sand, to the height of 5 feet ; on which the r1:(. oas Own built. This forms a mound, on the outside of the dike, of 15 or 16 feet broad ; and through this there , r,• pipes laid, to carry off the sink-water. A stream of .cater was also turned by the west end of the farm, by . titling a canal, which the water through the etn :Ntokinent there, by means of an outlet built of stone, with sluice on the inside, raised to the level of the running ,% am., and a folding door on the outside, to be shut by the ,pring-tides. At this place, a road, that formerly led to Findhorn at low water through the carne, is carried over the top of the dike, by making a mound of earth at each side, with a gradual approach and descent.
In Figure 20, a, is the breadth of the dike at the top, when finished ; 6, the breadth of dike at the bottom, being twelve fiTt, when it is six feet high; c, the breadth when eight feet high ; d, the breadth when ten feet high ; the slope on the sea-side of the dike, which is al ways equal to half of the breadth of the bottom : the inside slope, and breadth of the dike at the top, is equal to the other half; and e is the plumb-rule in a frame, made to apply to the mould or dike : the intention of it was, to find if the dike was kept on the proper slope, where a line could not be applied from one mould to another, as in a round or turn, or when the moulds were obliged to he taken down ; but this one only answered for the sea-side, another being used for the inside, to fit its slope." Figure 21, is a scale of the mould, one-eighth of an inch to a foot.