The Portuguese measure is the cavedos, containing two feet eleven lines, or fou•-sevenths of a Paris ell ; and the vara, an hundred and six whereof make an hundred Paris The Piedmontese measure is the ras, containing one Paris foot nine inches ten lines, or halt' a Paris ell. In Sicily, their measure, the earn) a, the same with that of Naples.
The 'Muscovy m•fkures are the cubic, equal to one Paris foot flur inches two lilies ; and the arch', two whereof' are equal to three cubits.
The Turkish and Levant, measures are the idol, containing :wo feet two inches and two lines. or three-firths the Paris ell. The Chinese the ten are equal to three Paris ells. In Persia, and some parts of the Indies, the gueze, whereof there are two kinds ; the royal gueze, called also the yueze mooke/ser, containing two Paris feet ten inches eleven lines, or of the Paris ell ; and the shorter gueze, called simply gerze, only two-thirds or former. At Goa and Ormuz, the measure is the vara, the same with h that of the Portuguese. ugliest!. having been introduced by them. In 1'egu, and some other parts of the Indies, the cando, or condi, equal to the ell or Veniee. At Goa, and other parts, they te•e it larger cando, equal to .seventeen Dutch elk ; exceeding that of 13;0)•1 and Balsora by R Per cent.. and the vara by 61. In Shun, they use the ken, short of three Park rect by one inch. Tne ken contains two soks, the sok two keubs. the keub twelve Ilion:, or inches. the Ilion to be equal to eight grains of rice, i. e. to alma 1111113 At Camboia, they use the Lister; in Jarm, tile Lazuli ; and the span on some of the coasts of Guinea.
allowed to the pole, and 21 feet in forest-land. A hide of land, frequently mentioned in the earlier part of the English history, contained about 100 arable acres ; and live hides were esteemed a knight's fee. At the tune of the Norman conquest, there were 243,600 hides in England.
Scotch square or land measure is regulated by the Scotch ell: 36 square elk = 1 lull ; 40 fails = 1 rood ; 4 roods = 1 acre. The proportion between the Scotch and English acre, supposing the feet in both measures alike, is as 1,369 to 1,059, or nearly as five to four. If tile difrerence of the feet he regarded, the proportion is as 10,000 to 7,869. The
length of the chain for measuring land in Scotland is 23 ells, or 74 feet. A husband-land contains six acres of sock and scythe land—that is, of land that may be tilled with a plough, or mown with a scythe; 13 acres of arable land make one ox-gang; and four ox-gangs make a poundiand of old extent.
French square measures are regulated by 12 square lines in the inch square, I•2 inches in the foot, 22 feet in the perch, and 100 perches in the arpent or acre.
In the following tables, the reader will find enumerated the various general standing measures—long, square, and cubic, now or heretofore in use, with their proportions and reductions.
Cubical Measures, or Measures of Capacity, for Liquids.— The English measures were originally raised from troy weight: it being enacted by several statutes, that eight pounds troy of wheat, gathered from the middle of the ear, and well dried, should weigh a gallon of wine measure, the divisions and multiples whereofwere to form the other measures ; at the same time it was also ordered, that there should be but one liquid measure in the kingdom; yet custom has prevailed, and there having been introduced a new weight, viz., the avoirdupois. we have now a second standard gallon adjusted thereto; and therefore exceeding the former in the proportion of the avoir dupois weight to troy weight. From this latter standard are raised two several measures, the one for ale, the other for beer. The sealed gallon at Guildhall, which is the standard for wines, spirits, oils, &e. was supposed to contain 231 cubic inches ; but by actual experiment, made in 1688, before the lord mayor and the commissioners of excise, it was found to contain only 224 cubic inches, it was, however, agreed to con tinue the common supposed contents of 231 cubic inches ; so that all computations stood on their own tboting. Hence as 12 is to 231, so is 1.114 to 2814, the cubic inches in the ale gallon : but in effect the ale quart contained 701 cubic inches, on which principle the ale and beer gallon will be 282 cubic inches. The barrel of ale in London is 32 gallons, and the barrel of beer 36 gallons. In all other places of England, the barrel, both for ale and beer, was wont to be 34 gallons.