Artificial Stones
Artificial Stones. Brick Is An Artificial Stone Made By Submitting Clay, Which Has Been Suitably Prepared And Moulded Into Shape, To A Tehtperature Of Sufficient Intensity To Convert It Into A Semi-vitrified State. The Quality Of The Brick Depends Upon The Kind Of Clay Used And Upon The Care Bestowed ...
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar Masonry. Ashlar Masonry Consists Of Blocks Of Stone Cut To Regular Figures, Generally Rectangular, And Built In Courses Of Uniform Height Or Rise, Which Is Seldom Less Than A Foot. Size Of The Stones. In Order That The Stones May Not Be Liable To Be Broken Across, No Stone ...
Bridge Abutments
Bridge Abutments. Form. There Are Four Forms Of Abutment In Use, They Are Named According To Their Form As The Straight Abutment, The Wing Abutment, The U Abutment And The T Abutment. The Form To Be Adopted For Any Particular Case Will Depend Upon The Location—whether The Banks Are Low ...
Bridge Piers
Bridge Piers. The Thickness Of A Pier For Simply Supporting The Weight Of The Superstructure Need Be But Very Little At The Top, Care Being Taken To Secure A Sufficient Bearing At The Foundation. Piers Should Be Thick Enough, However, To Resist Shocks And Lateral Strains, Not Only From A ...
Ceiients 11e110randa
Ceiients--11e110randa. Cement Is Shipped In Barrels Or In Cotton Or Paper Bags. The Usual Dimensions Of A Barrel Are: Length 2 Ft. 4 In., Middle Diameter 1 Ft. 41 In., End Diameter 1 Ft. 3.1 In. The Bags Hold 50, 100, Or 200 Pounds. Rosendale, N. Y. 300 Lb. Net ...
Centering For Arches
Centering For Arches. No Arch Becomes Self-supporting Until Keyed Up, That Is, Until The Crown Or Keystone Course Is Laid. Until That Time The Arch Ring, Which Should Be Built Up Simultaneously From Both Abutments, Has To Be Supported By Frames These Consist Of A Series Of Ribs Placed From ...
Classification Of The Stones
Classification Of The Stones. All The Stones Used In Building Are Divided Into Three Classes According To The Finish Of The Surface, Viz.: 1. Rough Stones That Are Used As They Come From The Quarry. 2. Stones Roughly Squared And Dressed. 3." Stones Accurately Squared And Finely Dressed. Unsquared Stones. ...
Clay Puddle
Clay Puddle. Clay Puddle Is A Mass Of Clay And Sand Worked Into A Plastic Condition With Water. It Is Used For Filling Coffer-dams, For Making Embankments And Reservoirs. Water-tight, And For Protecting Masonry Against The Penetration Of Water From Behind. The Clay Should Be Freed From Large Stones And ...
Concrete Steel Masonry
Concrete Steel Masonry. Concrete In The Form Of Blocks Made At A Factory, And Concrete Formed In Place And Reinforced By Steel Rods And Bars Of Differing Shapes Is Being Substituted In Many Situations For Stone And Brick Masonry. For The Construction Of Bridges And Floors It Is Extensively Employed. ...
Concrete With Steel Bemis
Concrete With Steel Bemis. The Foundation Is Prepared By First Laying A Of Concrete To A Depth Of From 4 To 12 Inches And Then Placing Upon It A Row Of I-beams At Right Angles To The Face Of The Wall. In The Case Of Heavy Piers, The Beams May ...
Culverts
Culverts. Culverts Are Employed For Conveying Under A Railroad, Highway, Or Canal The Small Streams Crossed. They May Be Of Stone, Brick, Con Crete, Earthenware, Or Iron Pipe Or Any Of These In Combination. Two General Forms Of Masonry Culverts Are In Use, The Box And The Arch. Box Culverts. ...
Definition Of Terms Used
Definition Of Terms Used In Stone Cutting. • Axed : Dressed To A Plane Surface With An Axe. Boasted Or Chiselled : Having Face Wrought With A Chisel Or Narrow Tool. Broached : A "punch" After Being Droved. Bush Hammered : Dressed With A Bush Hammer. Crandalled : Wrought To ...
Definitions Of Parts Of
Definitions Of Parts Of Arches. Abutment: The Outer Wall That Supports The Arch, And Which Connects It To The Adjacent Banks. Arch Sheeting : The Voussoirs Which Do Not Show At The End Of The Arch. Camber Is A Slight Rise Of An Arch, As To } Inch Per Foot ...
Definitions Of The Terms
Definitions Of The Terms Used In Masonry. Abutment : (1) That Portion Of The Masonry Of A Bridge Or Dam Upon Which The Ends Rest, And Which Connects The Superstruc Ture With The Adjacent Banks: • (2) A Structure That Receives The Lateral Thrust Of An Arch. Arris: The External ...
Description Of Arches
Description Of Arches. Basket-handle Arch One In Which The Intrados Resembles A Semi-ellipse, But Is Composed Of Arcs Of Circles Tangent To Each Other Circular Arch ; One In Which The Intrados Is A Part Of A Circle. Discharging Arch : An Arch Built Above A Lintel To Take The ...
Designing The Footing
Designing The Footing. The Term Footing Is Usually Understood As Meaning The Bottom Course Or Courses Of Concrete, Timber, Iron, Or Masonry Employed To Increase The Area Of The Base Of The Walls, Piers, Etc. What-• Ever The Character Of The Soil, Footings Should Extend Beyond The Fall Of The ...
Designing The Foundation
. Designing The Foundation. Load To Be Supported. The First Step Is To Ascertain The Load To Be Supported By The Foundation. This Load Consists Of Three Parts: (1) The Structure Itself, (2) The Movable Loads On The Floors And The Snow On The Roof, And (3) The Part Of ...
Foundations
Foundations. The Foundation Is The Most Critical Part Of A Masonry Structure. The Failures Of Masonry Work Due To Faulty Workmanship Or To An Insufficient Thickness Of The Walls Are Rare In Comparison With Those Due To Defective Foundations. When It Is Necessary, As So Frequently It Is At The ...
General Rules For Building
General Rules For Building Brick Masonry. 1. Reject All Misshapen And Unsound Bricks. 2. Cleanse The Surface Of Each Brick, And Wet It Thoroughly Before Laying It, In Order That It May Not Absorb The Moisture Of The Mortar Too Quickly. 3. Place The Beds Of The Courses Perpendicular, Or ...
General Rules For Laying
General Rules For Laying All Classes Of Stone Masonry. 1. Build The Masonry, As Far As Possible, In A Series Of Courses, Perpendicular, Or As Nearly So As Possible, To The Direction Of The Pres Sure Which They Have To Bear, And By Breaking Joints Avoid All Long Continuous Joints ...
Limes
Limes. Rich Limes. The Common Fat Or Rich Are Those Obtained By Calcining Pure Or Very Nearly Pure Carbonate Of Lime. In Slaking They Augment To From Two To Three And A Half Times That Of The Original Mass. They Will Not Harden Under Water, Or Even In Damp Places ...
Manufacture Of Brick
Manufacture Of Brick. The Manufacture Of Brick May Be Classified Under The Following Heads: Excavation Of The Clay, Either By Manual Or Mechanical Power. Preparation Of The Consists In (a) Removing Stones And Me Chanical Impurities; (b) Tempering And Moulding, Is Now Done Almost Wholly By Machinery. There Is 'a. ...
Masonry Construction 99
Masonry Construction 99 Table 13 Gives The Depth Of Keystone For Semicircular Arches, The Second Column Being For Hammer-dressed Beds, The Third For Beds Roughly Dressed With The Chisel, And The Fourth For Brick Masonry. Greater Than Half The Span, The Tending To Yielding Is, In Some Cases, Different; And ...
Methods Of Finishing The
Methods Of Finishing The Faces Of Cut Stone. In Architecture There Are A Great Many Ways In Which The Faces Of Cut Stone May Be Dressed, But The Following Are Those That Will Be Usually Met In Engineering Work. Rough Pointed. When It Is Necessary To Remove An Inch Or ...
Mortar
Mortar. Ordinary Mortar Is Composed Of Lime And Sand Mixed Into A Paste With Water. When Cement Is Substituted For The Lime, The Mixture Is Called Cement Mortar: Uses. The Use Of Mortar In Masonry Is To Bind Together The Bricks Or Stones, To Afford A Bed' Which Prevents Their ...
Pile Foundations
Pile Foundations. Timber Piles Are Generally Round, The Diameter At The Butt Varying From 9 To 18 Inches. They Should Be Straight-grained And As Free From Knots As Possible. The Variety Of Timber Is Usually Selected According To The Character Of The Soil. Where The Piles Will Be Always Under ...
Portland
Portland Cerlent. Portland Cement Is Produced By Burning, With A Heat Of Suf Ficient Intensity And Duration To Induce Incipient Vitrification, Certain Argillaceous Limestones, Or Calcareous Clays, Or An Artificial Mixture Of Carbonate Of Lime And Clay, And Then Reducing The Burnt Material To Powder By Grinding. Fully 95 Per ...
Preparation Of The Materials
Preparation Of The Materials. Stone Cutting. The Faces And Sides Are Pitched Off To These Lines. A Chisel Draft Is Then Cut Along All Four Edges Of The Face, And The Face Either Dressed As Required, Or Left Rock Faced. The Sides Are Then Pointed Down To True Surfaces At ...
Proportions Of
Proportions Of Riaterials For Concrete. To Manufacture One Cubic Yard Of Concrete The Following Quan Tities Of Materials Are Required : . To Make 100 Cubic Feet Of Concrete Of The Proportions 1 To 6 Will Require 5 Bbl. Cement (original Package) And 4.4 Yards Of Stone And Sand. Mixing ...
Requisites For Good Building
Requisites For Good Building Stone. The Requisites For Good -building Stone Are Durability, Strength, Cheapness, And Beauty. In Winter Water Penetrates Porous Stones, Freezes, Expands, And Disintegrates The Surface, Leaving A Fresh Surface To Be Similarly Acted Upon. Strength Is Generally An Indispensable Attribute, Especially Under Compression And Cross-strain. Cheapness ...
Retaining Walls
Retaining Walls. A Retaining Wall Is A Wall Built For The Purpose Of "retaining" Or Holding Up Earth Or Water. In Engineering Practice Such Walls Attain Frequently Large Proportions, Being Used In The Construction Of Railroads, Docks, Waterworks, Etc. The Form Of Cross-section Varies Considerably According To Cir Cumstances, And ...
Rubble Masonry
Rubble Masonry. Masonry Composed Of Unsquared Stones Is Called Rubble. This Class Of Masonry Covers A Wide Range Of Construction, From The Com Monest Kind Of Dry-stone Work To A Class Of Work Composed Of Large Stones Laid In Mortar. It Comprises Two Classes: (1) Uncoursed Rub Ble, In Which ...
Structural Materials
Structural Materials. Classification Of Natural Stones. The Rocks From Which The Stones For Building Are Selected Are Classified According To (1) Their Geological Position, (2) Their Physical Structure, And (3) Their Chemical Composition. Geological Classification. The Geological Position Of Rocks Has But Little Connection With Their Properties As Building Materials. ...
Testing Cements
Testing Cements. The Quality Or Constructive Value Of A Cement Is Generally Ascer Tained By Submitting A Sample Of The Particular Cement To A Series Of Tests. The Properties Usually Examined Are The Color, Weight, Activity, Soundness, Fineness And Tensile Strength. Chemical Analysis Is Some Times Made, And Specific Gravity ...
Tests For Stone
Tests For Stone. The Relative Enduring Qualities Of Different Stones Are Usually Ascertained By Rioting The Weight Of Water They Absorb In A Given Time. The Best Stones As A Rule Absorb The Smallest Amount Of Water. Some Stones, However, Come From The Quarry Soaked With Water And In That ...
Tools Used In Stone
Tools Used In Stone Cutting. The Hammer Is A Heavy Tool, Weighing From 20 To 30-pounds, Used For Roughly Shaping Stones As They Come From The Quarry And For Knocking Off Projections. This Is Used For Only The Roughest Work. The Face Hammer Has One Blunt And One Cutting End, ...
Walls
Walls. Walls Are Constructions Of Stone, Brick, Or Other Materials, And Serve To Retain Earth Or Water, Or In Buildings To Support The Roof And Floors And To Keep Out The Weather. The Following Points Should Be . Attended To In The Construction Of Walls: The Whote Of The Walling ...