A Ttow
A Ttow Root Custard. Dry Bermuda Arrow Root, Two Drachms Or Two Teaspoonfuls; Sugar, One Drachm Or One Teaspoonful. Mix By Rubbing Or Careful Stirring With A Little Cold Milk Until All Lumps Are Broken, And It Forms A Perfect Mixture A Little Thicker Than Heavy Cream. Boil Half A ...
Abortion
Abortion. The Casting Of Young Before The Natural Time. In Veterinary Practice, Abort Ing Is The Slipping, Slinking, Miscarriage Or Ex Pulsion Of The Fcetus At So Early A Period As To Render Continued Life Impossible. The Causes Are Numerous, Principal Among Which Are Want Of Proper Sustenance, Undue Feeding, ...
Absorbents
Absorbents. In Veterinary Practice Medi Cines Given Internally To Neutralize The Action Of Acids Found In The Stomach Or Bowels. Prepared Chalk, Carbonate Of Soda, Etc., Are Absorbents. Externally Absorbents Are Agents Applied For Ab Sorbing The Moisture Of Galls, Or To Prevent Fric Tion Between Folds Of The Skin. ...
Acclimation Of Plants
Acclimation Of Plants. It Is A Gen Erally Received Opinion That A Plant Removed From A Warmer To A Colder Climate Gradually Becomes Changed So That It Will Stand A Lower Temperature Than In Its Native Habitat. Such, However, Is Not The Fact. Its Zero, That Is, The Temperature At ...
Acer
Acer. The Generic Name Of The Maple Fam Ily Of Trees. The Flowers Are Polygamous, Calyx Colored, Five Lobed Or Parted — Rarely Four To Twelve Lobed; Petals Either None Or As Many As The Lobes Of The Calyx; Stamens Four To Twelve; Ovary Two Celled, With A Pair Of ...
Acids
Acids. Generally Sharp, Sour Substances, Which Redden Litmus Paper, And Combine With Metallic Oxides Or Bases To Form Salts. All Acids, However, Are Not Sour To The Taste, Since All Oily Bodies Contain One Or More Acids, And Corn Starch Sugar Is Made By Means Of Sulphuric Acid. The Inorganic ...
Acorn
Acorn. The Fruit Of The Oaks, In Comthon With Other Nuts, Is Called Mast, And Is Much Re Lied On In Timbered Countries As Food For Swine In Autumn. The Fruit Of The Live Oak Is Sweet And Edible, And Is Used As Food By Savages. In All Ages Savage ...
Administering Anesthetics
Anesthetics, Administering. An Wstheties Are Of Value In Rendering An Animal Wholly Or Partially Insensible. Vapors, Sprays And Fumes Are Also Valuable, And Nearly Related In The Form Of Administering. When A Surgi Cal Operation Is To Be Performed, Anaesthetics May Be Administered, Held Directly To The Nose By Means ...
Age Of Plants And
Age Of Plants And Trees. Plants Are Designated As, Annual, Those Which Die At The End Of A Season Of Growth; Biennial, Those Which Live Two Years, And Perennial, Those Which Live And Grow From Year To Year. As A Rule With Plants As With Animals, When Young They Are ...
Agricultural Chemistry
Chemistry, Agricultural. Chem Isty, " The Corner Stone," In Its Broad Sense, As Now Understood, Is That Science Which Treats Of Events And Changes In Natural Bodies Not Accom Panied By Sensible Motion . According To Ure, It Is That Science Which Investigates The Compensation Of Material Substances And The ...
Agricultural Education
Agricultural Education. Some Years Since The Editor Carefully Prepared A Digest Of His Ideas On Education To The Industries, In Which Lie Held To The Socratian Doctrine, That A Child Should Be Taught In Youth That Which He Was To Practice In Age; And, Also, To The Divine Precept, Train ...
Agriculture
Agriculture. Agriculture, In Some Of Its Subdivisions, Has Engaged The Attention Of Man From The Earliest Ages. Even The Most Sav Age Tribes Gather Seeds And Nuts For Food, And Soon Learn To Till The Soil For The Production Of Roots And Grain In A Crude Way. Animals Are At ...
Albumen
Albumen. A Substance Occurring In The Blood And Nerves Of Animals, In The Eggs Of Birds, And In Grains And Vegetables, In Almost Exactly Identical Composition. These We Give, And Also That Of Fibrin And Casein, As Follows. Albumen Dif Fers From Fat In Its Composition, Having The Four Elements--carbon, ...
Alcohol
Alcohol. Spirits Of Wine. It Is Formed During The Vinous Fermentation. The Pure Spirit Has A Specific Gravity Of 0.792, And Consists, Chemically, Of Ct, Ho, 02. It Is Present In Brandy, Whisky And Strong Spirits, To The Extent Of Fifty Per Cent., Twenty-five Per Cent. In Strong Wines, Ten ...
Alderney Cattle
Alderney Cattle. Jersey Or Channel Cattle, Are Natives Of The Islands Belonging To England, Lying In The British Channel About Twelve Miles From France. The Largest Of The Group (jersey) Is About Twelve Miles Long By Five In Breadth, And Here The Largest Number And The Best Of These Distinctive ...
Alfalfa
Alfalfa. Lucerne; ..11edirago ,';atira. Un Der The Name Alfalfa This Plant Has Been Extort Sively Cultivated In Some Portions Of The United States, Especially In California, Where It Consti Tutes One Of The Important Forage Crops. It Is Especially Adapted To A Dry, Gravelly Soil, And Once Established, Survives The ...
Alkali
Alkali. A Term Originally Applied To The Ashes Of Plants. The Term Is Now Generally Used To Designate Potash, Soda, And Ammonia. Lime And Magnesia Are Alkali-earths. Potassium, So Dium, Lithium And Rubidium Are Alkali Metals. The Alkali-earths, Lime And Magnesia, Are Formed By The Union Of Calcium And Magnesium ...
Alpaca
Alpaca. An Animal Inhabiting The Mount Ains Of Peru (the Camelus Paea Of Linneeus), Used As A Beast Of Burden. The Wool Is Particularly Valuable, And Many Attempts Have Been Made To Introduce Them Into Various Countries, But As A Rule Not With Success. Of The Late Attempt To Introduce ...
Alumina
Alumina. Alumina, Or Alumine, Is One Of The Component Parts Of Alum, From Which It Was Originally Extracted. It Is The Principal Constituent Of Clays, In Which It Is Found Gener Ally Mixed With Other Subtances That Impart To It A Color, It Being Naturally White. It Is A Com ...
American Blood Horse
Blood Horse, American. The Thor Oughbred Horse Of America Derives Its Existence Directly From The Best Blood Of That Wonderful Sub-family Of British Horses, The English Thor Oughbred. That They Have Not Degenerated, Has From Time To Time Been Amply Attested On Our Own Racing Grounds, And Especially So Of ...
Analysis
Analysis. Analysis Consists In Determin Ing The Constituent Elements Of The Subject Of Analysis. By It We Show Either The Organic Or Inorganic Elements. In Soils, For Instance, We May Find How Much Sand, Lime, Alumina, Phos Phoric Acid, Potash, Magnesia And Other Constit Uents Are Contained In The Sample; ...
Anatomy Of Foot
Foot, Anatomy Of. In The Article Horse's Limbs And Feet, The Importance Of These Mem Bers Of The Body, And Something Of Their Anatomi Cal Structure Is Discussed. The Present Article Will Deal Only With The Feet As Organs Of Locomo Tion, And The Successive Stages By Which The Com ...
Apetalous
Apetalous Exogens—corolla Usually Wanting. Phylolacca Decandra. Poke-weed, Pigeonberry, (p.) This Stoutnative Is Everywhere Frequent In Rich Soil. The Turions, Or Tender Radical Shoots, In The Spring Of The Year Afford A Popular Suhstitute For Those Of Asparagus; Never Theless, The Plant Is Regarded And Treated As A Weed By All ...
Apht1ue
Apht1ue. This Contagious Malady, After Having Been Well Known In Central Europe For More Than Two Centuries, Reached Great Britain In 1839, Denmark In 1841, And The United 1870. It Is Supposed To Have Been Introduced From Cattle Shipped From England In That Year And Landed In Canada. It Made ...
Apple
Apple. Pyres Males. This Is The Most Im Portant Of The Fruits Of The Temperate Zone. The Time When It Was First Brought Into Cultivation Is Lost In The Obscurity Of The Past. It Is, Without Doubt, One Of The Most Ancient Of Fruits Culti Vated, Since It Is Found ...
Apple Worn
Apple-worn. Codling Moth, Carpocapsa Pomenella. The Cut Which We Give Below Will Represent The Natural History Of This Noxious Insect Fully Enough, Since It Represents The Pest In All Its Stages. It Is Two-brooded; The First Brood Appearing With The Opening Of The Leaves In The Spring, And The Second ...
Arab Horses
Arab Horses. From The Fact Of The Im Portation Of Arabian Horses Into England, Many Years Ago, For The Purpose Of Improviug The Blood Of The English Horse, Many Persons Suppose The Arab To Be The Type Of All That Is Excellent In That Noble Animal—the Horse. Others Again Suppose ...
Architecture
Architecture. The Architecture Of The Farm Is Generally Of The Simplest Kind, And Em Braces Dwellings, Barns And Stables For The Vari Ous Animals And Birds Kept ; Also Green-houses, Conservatories, Hot-houses, And The Simple Frames Used In Forcing Plants. In All Farm Structures, The Object Should Be To Combine ...
Army Worm
Army-worm. Lpn Nia (heliophila) Uni Punetc6. Of This Insect, Dr. Riley, In His Ninth Missouri Entomological Report, Says It Is With Us Every Year. In Ordinary Seasons, When It Is Not Excessively Numerous, It Is Seldom Noticed: 1, Because The Moths Are Low, Swift Fliers, And Nocturnal In Habit; 2, ...
Artichoke
Artichoke. The True Artichoke (cynara Seolymus), An Herbaceous Annual Plant As To Its Top. With A Perennial Root. The Plant Is Three To Five Feet Or More High, With Large, Entire Or Lobed And Spinose (spined) Leaves; The Thick Receptacle, Together With The Fleshy Bases Of The Scales Of The ...
Ascites
Ascites. Dropsy Of The Belly. Ash. The Ash (frazinus Americana) Con Thins Five Well Known Species: White Ash, Blue Ash, Black Ash, Red Ash And Green Ash. They Occupy An Important Rank As Timber Trees Of Value, And Thrive On A Variety Of Soils—a Cool Deep Moist Soil Being Congenial ...
Ashes
Ashes. The Earthy Residuum, From The Combustion Of Any Organic Substance As Vegetable Matter, Wood, Coal, Etc., Is Termed Ash Or Ashes. In An Agricultural Sense They Are Valuable As Containing Pot Ash, One Of The Important Constituents In All Fertile Soils. The Ancients Were Well Acquainted With The Use ...
Aspidiotus
Aspidiotus. A Genus Of Insects Resem Bling The Bark-lice, Or Scale Insects, And Of The Same Habits And Family. They Are Found On The Oleander, Rose, Bay, Cactus And Other Plants. Ass. Eqans Asinus. An Animal Considered The Humblest Member Of The Horse Family, But Really Second Only In Value ...
Aster
Aster. The China-aster Has Always Been A Favorite In The Garden. Of Late Years, The Ger Man Asters, Produced By Hybridization And Care Ful Culture, Are Among The Most Beautiful Of Garden Flowers. The Seed Is Better Sown In A Slight Hot-bed, In March, And Pricked Out Three Inches Apart ...
Atmosphere
Atmosphere. From Two Greek Words, Signifying Vapor And A Sphere, Is The Body Of Air Which Surrounds The Globe, And Besides Being Necessary To The Life Of All Terrestrial Animals, Is Of Special Importance To The Agriculturist, Since Upon Its Condition Are We Dependent For Rain, The Motion Of The ...
Atom
Atom. In Chemistry, The Ultimate Part Of A Body Which Combines With Other Atoms. Theo Retically, These Are Of A Determinate Magnitude In_ Every Case. Atoms Are Simple Or Elementary When They Can Not Be Separated By Chemical Forces, And Compound When They Are Liable To Decomposi Tion. Chemical Compounds ...
Ball
Ball. Bolus. In Farriery, A Well-known Form Of Medicine, For Horses Or Other Animals, Which May Be Passed At Once Into The Stomach. They Should Be Made Of A Long Oval Shape, And About The Size Of A Small Egg, Being Best Conveyed Over The Root Of The Tongue By ...
Bantam Fowls
Bantam Fowls. The Smaller Varieties Of Poultry Are Generally Known Under The Name Of Bantams. They Are Not Especially Valuable, Being Kept Entirely As Pets Or For Ornament. Dwarf Fowls Have Been Known Since The Time Of Pliny, Who Says Of Them: They Are Extraordi It Is Commonly Known As ...
Barley
Barley. Hardeum Vulgare. This Grain, From The Fact That It Has Been Used From Time Immemorial In Oriental Countries As Food For Horses, And To A Great Extent As Food For Man Among Barbarous People; And From Its Easy Con Version Into Malt And Thence Into Beer, Ale And Other ...
Barn
Barn. Buildings For Storing Hay, Grain In The Straw, And Fodder Of Various Kinds. Have Always Been Considered As Among The Most Portant In Farm Economy. Hence, In All Old Settled Countries, The Fertility Of A Farm, And The Wealth Of Its Owner, May Be Pretty Accurately Known By The ...
Barometer
Barometer. The Word Is Derived From Two Greek Words, Which Signify The Measurer Of Weight. This, The Most Valuable Instrument For Meteorological Observations In The Farmer's Pos Session, Was Invented About The Middle Of The 17th Century, By Torricelli, An Italian Philoso Pher. It Was Found By Torricelli, That A ...
Bean
Bean. Phasolus. In The United States The Bean Is A Tender Annual, Either Dwarf Or Climbing, And Is Cultivated Both For The Succulent Green Pods And Ripe Seeds. The Dwarf Varieties Vary In Height From Twelve To Twenty-four Inches, And Require No Poles.' The Climbing Varieties Require Poles For Their ...
Bean_2
Bean. Ricinus Communi8, Sometimes Called Palma Christi, From The Shape Of Its Leaves. In The Tropics This Plant Attains An Immense Size And Lives For Years. In Texas It Strongly Shows This Perennial Tendency. It Is Cultivated For Its Seeds, From Which Is Expressed The Well-known Castor Oil Of Commerce, ...
Bees
Bees. Apiculture, Or The Care Of Bees, Has A Peculiar Fascination For Its Votaries, And Is Espe Cially Adapted To The Tastes Of Women And Men Who Have A Few Hours Leisure Each Day. It Is A Fact That Some Of The Most Successful Bee-keepers In The Country Are Women, ...
Beet
Beet. Beta Valgaris. This Is The Common Beet Of The Garden, A Half Hardy Perennial Plant, Forming Its Esculent Root The First Season And Producing Its Seed The Second. The Roots Which Attain Their Full Development The First Season, Must Be Cared For Before Cold Weather, Since They Do Not ...
Beetles
Beetles. The Common Name Of The Larger Coleopterous Insects, Having Hard Wing-cases. The Late Dr. Le Baron, Iu His Fourth Entomo Logical Report For The State Of Illinois, Gives A Synopsis Of The Tribes Of The Eoleoptera, Which Will Be Of Value To The Reader As A Means Of Identification. ...
Berkshire Swine
Berkshire Swine. The Berkshire's Are To Swine What The Blood-horse Is Among Horsemen—a Type Of High Breeding, Possessing Firm Bone, Great Muscularity, And Good Constitu Tion, So Far As This May Be Compatible With High Fattening Qualities. They Are More Uniform In Color, Than Any Of The White And Black ...
Bermuda Grass
Bermuda Grass. Scutch Grass, Cynodon One Of The Most Valuable Of The Grasses In The South. It Is Not Recorded As Having Seeded In The United States, Being An Introduced Exotic, A Native Of Africa, Intro Duced Into The West Indies And Thence To The United States. It Is Propagated ...
Betulacele
Betulacele. Betula Alba, Var. Populifolia. American White Birch. Northern And Northeastern United States. A Small And Slender Graceful Tree, Fifteen To Twenty-five High, Growing From Maine To Pennsylvania, And Sparsely On The Great Lakes. B. Papyracea. Canoe Birch, Paper Birch. Northern Aod Northeastern United States. A Large And Handsome Tree, ...
Beverages
Beverages. Bounds. The Following Is A Cnrrect Formula For Making Koumis: Best Unskimmed Milk, Oue Quart; Yeast, (brewer's Or Old Baker's), 100 Grains; Cane Sugar, 200 Grains. Mix And Keep It At 80' Fahr. Until Fermentation Is Brisk, Stirring It Fre Quently, Then Bottle And Secure The Corks With Wire ...
Birch
Birch. Betula. The Birches Are Mostly Na Tives Of Northern Latitudes, Or Elevated Situations, Generally Above Latitude 40°, And Extending Well Up Toward The Arctic Circle. The Foliage Is Gen Erally Thin And Light, And The Whole Tribe Are Grace Ful, And Some Of Them Elegant. The Black (sweet) Or ...
Birds
Birds. The Feathered Tribes Are Among The Most Highly Organized Of Created Beings Except Man, Possessing, As So Many Of Them Do, Either Elegance Of Plumage, Great Vivacity, Or Fine Vocal Powers. The Increased Prevalence Of Insect Life In All Thickly Settled Countries, Is Due, In A Meas Ure, To ...
Bison
Bison. The American Bison (bos Ameri Ca Rims) Once Roamed Over Nearly The Whole Of The North American Continent From Latitude 33° To 04°., It Is Fast Disappearing, And Is Now Confined To The Far West And The Gouges Of The Rocky Mountains, Ranging From Slave Lake In The British ...
Black Cattle
Black Cattle. The Highland Cattle Of Scotland Of Which The West Highlanders May Be Considered The Modern Type, Used To Be Designated As Black Cattle And Also As Kyloes, From The Fer Ries They Were Obliged To Cross In Being Driven To Market. The Word Kyloe Is Thought Perhaps To ...
Black Tongue Blain
Blain, Black Tongue. This Is A Dis Ease Varying In Its Form, And Known Under Vari Ous Names, As Charbon (a Coal) Of The French, Con Tagious Anthrax Of The English, And Under Various Names In England And America, As Black Quarter, Black Tongue, Bloody Murrain And Quarter Ail. When ...
Black Water
Black Water. Hematura. A Disease To Which Horses And Mares Are Sometimes Sub Ject, But Under Good Care Rarely Found. A Disease Of The General System, Characterized By Excess Of Urea In The Blood, By Urine Of A Nearly Black (dark Coffee Color), And By Spasms Of The Hind Quarters. ...
Blers
Blers). Genus Anthus. Titlark. Winter Resident, Frequent; Gregarious; Insectivorous; Mostly Affects Plowed And Bare Fields On The Margin Of Waters Where It Seeks Varimis Insects, Seeds, Etc. Genus Dfniotilta. Black And White Creeper. Migratory, Frequent; Insectivorous. It Lives Principally On Small Ants And Their Larvee, Which It Mostly Gleans From ...
Blistering
Blistering. The Operation Of Stimulating The Surface Of Some Part Of The Body Of An Animal, By Means Of Acrid Applications, So As To Raise Small Vesicles At The Surface. It Is Frequently Employed For The Purpose Of Removing Local Affections Of Different Kinds, Such As Hard, Indolent Tumors. The ...
Blue Grass
Blue-grass. Poa Pratensis. The Genus Poa Is One Of The Most Important Of The Family Of Grasses, Being Decidedly The Most Valuable Of Our Pasture Grasses In Soil Suited To It. Upon Rich, Open, Argillaceous Soils, Containing Lime, And Upon Rich Dry Limestone Soils Proper, It Is Entirely At Home, ...
Bones
Bones. The Importance Of Bones Is Gener Ally Underestimated. They Form The Framework Of All Verterbrate Animals, Are Of Great Value In Many Of The Arts, And Crushed, Form. One Of The Most Valuable Of Manures. They Consist In 100 Parts—of Mineral Matter, Fifty-six, The Balance Being Gelatinous And Other ...
Borer
Borer. There Are A Num Ber Of Species. The Two-striped Sapercla (saperda Bivittata) Is Extremely Destructive To Apple Orchards, From The Borings Of The Grub Into The Wood Of The Trees. The Mature Beetle, Appears During May And June, And Being Strictly Nocturnal Is Seldom Seen Except By The Entomolo ...
Botany
Botany. Botany Has Been Defined As Being The Science Which Treats Of The Structure Of Plants, The Functions Of Their Parts, Their Places Of Growth, Their Classification, And The Terms Which Are Employed In Their Description And Denomination. Economic Botany May Be Defined As Teaching To Distinguish Between Useful And ...
Bots
Bots. These Are The Larvae Of The Two-winged Dipterous Insects, Of The Family Cestrida, Named From The Principal Genus In The Family, Harris Says Of These: Bot-flies Do Not Seem To Have Any Mouth Or Proboscis; For Although These Parts Do Really Exist In Them, The Opening Of The Mouth ...
Bra Fowls
Bra Fowls. The Brah Mas Have Long Been Favorite Fowls With Farmers, From Their Quiet Habits, Large Size, And The Quick Ness With Which They Grow To A Marketable Size For Frying. In All The Original Breeds The Deaf Ears, Fell Below The Wattles, And This Characteris Tic Has Constantly ...
Breeding
Breeding. Breeding, In Agriculture, Is The Art Of So Coupling Animals And Of So Rearing Them As Best To Fit Them For The Purposes For Which They Are Intended. The Fact Early Became Known That Characieristics Of The Parents Were Transmitted To The Offspring; Hence The Saying, True Enough Among ...
Brewing
Brewing. This Is The Process Of Obtaining The Saccharine Solution From Malt, Or Other Mat Ters, And Converting This Solution Into Spirituous Liquors, Ale, Porter, Or Beer. There Is Little Doubt Of The Antiquity Of This Art. The Egyp Tians Are Said To Have Been The Inventors Of Beer. The ...
Broom Corn
Broom Corn. A Plant Of The Genus Sor Ghum, A Native Of India, And Cultivated For Its Branching Panicles; Almost Universally Used Now In The Manufacture Of Brooms For Sweeping And Whisks For Brushing Clothes. The Plants Of This Genus Are All More Or Less Rich In Saccharine Matter. Sugar ...
Buckwheat
Buckwheat. Fagopyrum Esculentum. A Plant Delighting In Sandy Soils, But Growing Tolerably On Quite Poor Sands, And Valued For Its Flour, Of Which The Well-known Buckwheat Cakes Are Made. Its Flowers Are A Favorite Resort Of Tne Honey-bee From The Abundance Of Saccharine They Contain. The Seeds Are Small, Dark, ...
Budding
Budding. Budding Is Not Now Practised To So Great An Extent As Formerly, Since With Ordinary Fruits, Especially The Pip Fruits, Grafting Is Fully As Good, And Very Much Faster, Especially Since The Introduction Of Improved Grafting Im Plements. Budding. Sometimes Called Inoculat Ing, Is The Insertion Of A Single ...
And The Growth Of
Air, And The Growth Of Crops. The Importance Of Air As An Agent In The Growth Of Crops Is But Little Known By The Majority Of Farmers. The Action Of The Oxygen Of The Air In Connection With Heat And Moisture Causes The Seed To Germinate, And During The Whole ...