below. Hence the provender is stored one story above the stables. In relation to the height of modern built barns it should be remembered that a few feet additional, in height, costs but a trifle in comparison to the space gained; for the foundation answers, and the same roof covers all. To convey a more perfect idea of this important subject, we present illustrations show ing a very complete barn adapted either to the East, West or South, from which a fair idea may be gained of the means to be used in economizing space. The subject will he again taken up when we come to treat of barns for special purposes as in the sheltering and feeding of live stock, in dairying and in stables used for various animals. The engravings on pages 89 and 91 give two views of the elevation, and also the feeding floor of a very complete barn. The first showing a northeast view. The next a southeast view,with yards attached. The northwest side of the barn contains the princq al embankment for reaching the second floor, with room for power for raising and carrying fodder, and also the horse The approach to the cattle door of the east wing is not as steep as it appears in the drawing. Circular tanks of boiler iron are filled with con stantly flowing water in each yard. The rail fence and gates shutting off the cellar from the yard are movable; the posts at either end being stepped into sockets, like mortices, left in the wide bases of the brick piers. Two men in a few minutes will remove them all and throw cellar and yard together, thus giving the cattle shelter in either winter or summer. Any portion of the cellar may, in the same way, be fenced off or opened to the yard. Horse power may be used for threshing and sawing, hay and stalk-cutting; but the plan is to employ steam power as the most economical, the waste of steam to be used for steaming hay and roots, and to this end the location of the engine-room, contiguous to and below the threshing floor, is exactly right. On the storage floor, all the hay, grain, straw, and stalks are stored. Two threshing floors, sixteen feet wide, cross the building, being entered from the west. On one of these is a hay scale, and there is abundant room upon the other for a horse power and hay cutter, by which most of the coarse fodder is chopped up before being delivered at the feed trough on the floor below. Each rain and meal bin communicates by a chute with the feeding floor, where its contents may be drawn off. The greater part of this floor is occupied by the im mense hay mows through which pass the four great ventilators coming from the feeding floor. Doors open with the ventilating trunks at differ ent heights, so, when desirable, hay, straw, oats in the sheaf, etc. ,may be thrown down to the stock. From this floor there are stairs which ascend to the cupola or observatory. The horse stables two-inch chestnut plank, with cleats, half an inch thick, covering the cracks between the planks. Upon this water-tight floor is another made in three parts; for two feet at the upper end the floor is of white oak plank nailed fast; the rest of the floor is formed of narrow oak plank fast ened together by strong oak cleats let in flush as to form two doors, as it were, hinged at either side, so as to be lifted and set up, as shown in right hand stall of the cut, for the perfect cleans ing of the lower floor. A channel at the carries off the urine, and the solid manure is thrown into the cellar through the trap-door seen open in cut. Between the cattle-stalls in the south throughout the barn are airy and roomy. There are three loose boxes as shown in the ground plan (page 90), one twelve feet square, for horses, and two somewhat smaller, which are used for horses, or as lying-in stalls for cows. The horse-stalls are models of convenience and excellence. Each has the following dimensions: ten feet from front to rear, five feet one inch wide, nine feet four inches high. The stalls are separated by plank parti tions four and a half feet high, surmounted by strong woven-wire cloth extending two feet higher. The same style of partition forms the front of the stalls. The hay rack is of iron, iri one corner, and an iron feed box is in the opposite corner, accessible from the passage way in front of the stalls by a small door in the wire cloth.
There are two floors, the lower one being laid of wing.. (page 93) there is a passage way ten feet wide, through which carts with green food, roots, etc , may be driVen, making a complete system of soiling in summer practicable and convenient. The passage way through the east wing is not quite so wide, but might easily be used in the same way. All the cattle-stalls are made upon the same principle, though of different Aims, for fattening cattle, milch cows, and young stock. The cow-stalls are represented on page 93. The feeding boxes are two and a half feet wide, the floors five and a half feet from the feeding trough to the gutter, which is fourteen inches wide, and the passage in the rear is three feet, making in all about twelve feet for the stalls. The stalls are six and a half feet wide, arranged for two ani- mals, which are fastened by a neck strap or chain attached to a short chain and ring, playing up and down upon a rod bolted to the partition between the stalls. A perpendicular rack is in front of the manger, and a shutter is hinged below it, and when open is held in an inclined position by a chain. This affords space below for a good forkful of hay between the shutter and the rack. Great economy of space is thus secured, for the encroachment upon the gangway is rarely of any inconvenience, and when carts are driven through it is easy to close the shutters. Light and air are abundantly provided for the stock, as one may see by a casual inspection of the plans. In fact, these are the first features that ducted off, none going into the yard, and there is no necessity for husbanding it. The gables on the sides of the barn and south wing give great strength to the frame, afford light to the floor, and in summer give a splendid draft of air over the floor, to say nothing of the beauty added to the building. A cheap barn can be built on this general plan of, first, basement for stock cattle; second, floor for stock, wagons and tools; third, floor for hay, grain, hay-scales and other conven iences. To come to more simple barns, intended principally for storage of hay and grain, all that will be necessary to decide will be the size intended. In those localities where there is a lack of build impress one. The ventilating trunks are four feet square, and rise from the feeding floor directly to the roof, where they terminate in ventilators of the largest size. The current of air caused by one of these is all times percepti ble, and usually amounts to a considerable flow. The windows on the stock floor are numerous, and are each provided with two glazed sashes, hung by weights, so that any one, or all, may be opened to any degree desired, making the floors cool and airy in the closest weather. The yards open to the south and east, and are so arranged that the wash may be turned to flow into tanks for wetting down the manure in the cellar, which operation is frequently necessary, especially in summer. The water from the eaves is all con ing stone for the foundation, it is better that there he no basement. A barn forty by eighty feet, or larger, should not have less than twenty five feet posts, since with a horse fork and run ways, bay may be carried easily and economic ally. Such a barn, to be built internally of timber and boards, should be sided vertically, and battened, or not, as the taste of the owner may suggest. For an average farm we present a cut of barn thirty-two by forty-four, with base ment. This barn has eighteen feet posts, but we should prefer in a barn of this size that the posts should be twenty feet. The inside arrange ment may be figured upon according to the special wants of the owner. By studying the plan of large barn, the fixtures may easily be altered for smaller. In such a barn the entrance should be from the end, the doors being hung on iron rollers; the siding may be of rough boards, placed vertically, the floors of two-inch plank, planed and matched, with the shed and corn stables in the basement, and horse stables on the floor above.