LAVER. Porphyralaciniata.vulgaris. A sea weed eaten as a delicacy when boiled; green. laver ( trIva latissima) sometimes is substituted.
LAW. Laws relating to agriculture, such as. bird, dog, fence, forests, manures, roads, stock, weights and measures, etc., should be generally understood by farmers. It would save much costly litigation and neighborhood quarrels. We, therefore, give some of the most important laws in relation to the subjects of interest to the farm. The following digest of the bird laws of the United States was prepared by Hon. J. R. Dodge, one of the most correct statisticians in the United States: In Maine the penalty is one dollar for taking larks, robins, partridges, woodpeckers, or sparrows, between March 1st and July 1st; and ten dollars to the owner of lands, with the liquida tion of all damage suffered for any trespass committed, between March 1st and September 1st, in hunting or killing the above birds. The law in New Hampshire prescribes a fine of one dollar for killing, taking, or having in possession, at any season of the year, any robin, thrush,lark, blue bird, oriole, sparrow, swallow, martin, woodpecker, bob-o'-link, yellowbird, linnet, fly-catcher, or warbler, or rail, yellowleg, or sandpiper, between. March 1st and August 1st. The fine is three dollars. for each snipe, woodcock, or plover, between March 1st and Augustlst ; or for each partridge, or grouse, or quail, between March 1st and Septem ber 1st. One dollar additional is assessed for each bird, if taken in defiance of a published notice by the owner of the land—one-half for the use of the complainant, and the other half to the town or city. The action of the law may be suspended for one year, at any time, by vote of a town or city, so far as relates to such town or city. In Vermont the fine is one dollar in each case for taking, wounding, or killing, or for the destruction of the nest or eggs of the robin, blue bird, yellowbird, cherry, or cedar bird, catbird, kingbird, sparrow, lark, bob-o'link, thrush,. chickadee, pewee, wren, warbler, woodpecker, martin, swallow, night-hawk, whippoorwill, groundbird, linnet, plover, phoebe, bunting, humming bird, tattler, and creeper. The penal ties for the violation of the Massachusetts bird and game laws are as follows: Two dollars each for killing, at any time, robins, thrushes, linnets, sparrows, bluebirds, bob-o-links, yellowbirds, woodpeckers, or warblers; the same for killing birds on salt marshes, the owner excepted; five dollars for killing partridges or quail, between March 1st and September 1st ; woodcock, between March 1st and July 4th; five dollars for trapping or snaring any birds at any time, save partridges; twenty dollars for killing grouse or heath lien at any time, and ten dollars to the owner of the grounds and a search warrant authorized for any one suspected of the offense; and twenty dollars for hunting deer with hounds or dogs in Plymouth or Barnstable counties. is a fine of one dollar for killing between sunset and one hour before sunrising any plover, curlew, dough-bird, or chicken bird. Any city or town may vote to. suspend, within its limits, any of the provisions of this law. The Rhode Island law-makers have prescribed a penalty of two dollars in each case for killing, destroying, selling, buying, or having in possession any lark, robin, wood duck, gray duck, or black duck, between February 1st and September 1st, or quail, partridge, or wood cock between January 1st and September 20th., snipe, between May 1st and September 20th; grass plover, between•February 1st and August 1st; grouse, or heath hen, between January 1st and November 1st, and swallow, or box martin, between May 1st and October let; twenty dol lars in each case for killing woodcock between January 1st and July 1st. In addition, five dol lars may be imposed, to be paid to the owner of the land, for the first' offense, and ten dollars for the second offense, besides a liability to damage for trespass. Action must be brought within three months. In Connecticut a law was made in 1850, after much oppoSition, which has since been modified and rendered more effective. Insectivorous and song birds have greatly in creased since, especially near towns and villages, and on the shore of Long Island Sound. A fine -of three dollars is imposed for killing, selling, or possessing, or destroying a nest of eggs of wood cocks between the first day of February and the first day of July; pheasants, partridges, or ruf fed grouse, between the first day of February and the first day of September; quails of any species, between the first of February and the first of October; wood duck, widgeon, black, gray, broad-bill, canvas-back, or teal duck. The fine is one dollar for killing, or trapping, a nightingale, bluebird, Baltimore oriole, finch, thrush, lark, sparrow, catbird, wren, martin, swallow, or woodpecker, at any time, or a robin, ortob-o'-link, between the first of February and the first of September. The taking of brook or lake trout- between September 1st and January 1st is fined one dollar. It is also forbidden under -a penalty of ten dollars, to take pheasants, part ridges, or quails, on the land of any other per son. The laws of New York, both local and
general, relative to birds and other game, are numerous, and frequently modified or suspended. By the recent law, insectivorous and other birds are protected between February 1st and October. The fine is placed at five dollars for each wood -cock, between January 1st and July 4th; ruffed grouse, between January 1st and September 1st; -quail, between January 1st and October 20th; wood, black, gray, and teal duck, between Feb ruary 1st and August 1st, (excepting upon the shores of Long Island). It is forbidden to catch quail or ruffed grouse with a snare at any time; and it is unlawful to take prairie fowl within ten years, under penalty of ten dollars for each one killed or taken. Five dollars each is the penalty for taking trout between September 1st and March 1st. A penalty is incurred of one hun dred dollars and damages for putting lime or drugs in any lake, pond, or stream, by which fish may be injured. Owners of dams, if two feet or more in height, on the tributaries of Lake Ontario, Champlain, or the river St. Law rence, are required to provide a sluice at an inclination of not more than thirty degrees, suit ably constructed and protected, as a passage way for fish. Deer are prohibited game from February 15th to August 1st, in all counties, except Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jeffer son, Lewis, Herkimer, Hamilton, Essex, Warren, Fulton, and Saratoga, (where the prohibition is taken off only in October,) and in Kings, Queens, and Suffolk, where November is the only month for their pursuit. The fine in the last-mentioned counties is twenty-five dollars each. For fishing,. except with hook or line, in certain interior lakes, the fine is twenty-five dol lars. A similar penalty attaches to trespass in fishing, after public notice has been given. It is forbidden in Pennsylvania, under penalty of two dollars, to trap, kill, or shoot any blue-bird, swallow, martin, or other insectivorous bird, at any season of the year, and the same penalty attaches to the destruction of eggs or nest of any of the birds mentioned in law. A fine of five dollars is laid for killing rail or reed birds betweed June 1st and September 1st; pheasant, between February 1st and August 1st; wood cock, between February 1st and July 4th; partridge,or rabbit, between February 1st and October 1st, and a similar penalty is incurred by buying these birds out of season to sell out of the State. Laws have tended to restrain men and boys to some extent, yet, it is to be regretted that there is room for great improvement, so far as insectivorous birds are concerned. The game laws of New Jersey bhpose a fine of five dollars each for killing any partridge, water fowl, grouse, quail, or rabbit, between January 1st and November 1st, or woodcock between January 1st and July 5th; to be recovered with cost of suit, and in default of payment imprison ment for sixty days may be adjudged. A pen alty of fifteen dollars is laid for placing decoys for geese, ducks or brant, at a distance of more than three rods from ice, marsh, meadow bank, or sand bar, or for hunting them with a light at night; and it is made unlawful to kill geese, ducks, or brant between April 15th and October 15th, .in or about the waters of Barnegat bay, or Manasquon river. The fine is five dollars each for killing geese, ducks or brant, between April 1st and December 1st, at Cape May. A trespass, after having been once forbidden to enter lands, renders oue liable to a fine of three dollars. The Secretary of State believes these laws effective, though not very vigorously enforced. By the laws of Delaware it is unlawful for non-resi dents to catch or kill any wild goose, duck, or other wild fowl, under a penalty of not less than fifty and not more than one hundred dollars. Citizens do not rest under this prohibition. A warrant may be issued by a justice of the peace, upon affidavit that any person has violated this law, and the offender arrested, tried, and, upon conviction, fined not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars, and imprisoned until fine and costs are paid. By giving bonds in the sum of two hundred dollars, the arrested party can elect to be tried before the court of general sessions. Any boat, gun, or decoy, used in violation of this law, may be seized and confiscated, and the penalty for resisting an officer is fixed at one hundred dollars. The law does not prohibit persons from killing game on their own premises, but it is unlawful for others to kill a partridge, pheasant, robin, or rabbit, between February 1st and October 15th, (in New castle county, between January 1st and October 15th Owoodcock, between February 1st and July 1st. The penalty is one dollar for each bird killed. A person not a citizen of the State, gunning upon land not his own, without permission of the owner, is liable to a fine of five dollars for each bird or other game. Some persons permit gunning upon their property; others exclude all hunters. The penalty of hunting or killing deer is two dollars. No general law for the preser vation of game or birds has been enacted in Maryland. Laws of a local character have been