Measures
Measures. Measure Is Of Length, Breadth, And Thickness, Estimated By Known Lengths, Or Compared By Other Known Quantities: Thus There Are 12x12x12-1728 Cubic Inches In A Cubic Foot; And 3x3x3=27 Cubic Feet In A Cubic Yard. The Following Collated From The Library Of Refer Ence, Will Show At A Glauce, ...
Measures Of Time
Measures Of Time. Time Is Best Defined As The Succession Of Motion And Phenomena, Independent Of Relative Human Perceptions. Time Is Measured By Man By The Impressions Of Successive Ideas, And These Diminish In A Ratio Of Their Own Increase ; Conse Quently, Time Appears Less As Men Advance In ...
Measures Of Weight
Measures Of Weight. Weight Is The Tendency Or Force With Which Bodies Of Various Density Tend To Fall Toward The Earth. The Standard Of Weights Ie The Cubic Inch Of Distilled Water, Weighing 252.458 Troy Grains; The Troy Pound 5760 Grains, Or 22.8157 Inchea The Same Standard Of 7,000 Troy ...
Meat
Meat. The Growth Of The Live And Dead Meat Trade, The Facilities For Shipping And Preserv Ing It Fresh During Long Voyages, Whether Canned Or Simply In The Quarters, Is One Of The Wonders Of Modern Civilization. Improved Processes In The Curing Of Salted Meats Is Also As Wonderful As ...
Melon
Melon. All Our Valuable Members Of The Cueurbitacece„ Belong Originally To The East, And To Central Asia, But The Precise' Home Of No One Of Them Is Known Certainly, Since The Native Plant Of No One Species Is Found Growing Wild, On Account Of Their Cultivation From Remote Antiquity. The ...
Metals
Metals. Elementary Bodies, Remarkable For Their Luster ; They Conduct Electricity And Heat, And Are Negative Clectrics. Of The Peculiarities Of Some Of The Metals, Appleton's New Cy Cloptdia Says: The Peculiar Brilliancy And Reflec Tive Power Of The Metals,which May Be Enhanced By Polishing, Results From Their Great Opacity. ...
Metheglin
Metheglin. Metheglin, Or Mead Made Of Ho0y, Has Been Known Since The Remotest Times. Long After The Introduction Of Wine, And Even Beer, It Was The National Drink Of The English, As Beer Is To This Nation And The Germans Now. It Is One Of The Most Healthful, Moderately Used, ...
Midge
Midge. Minute Insects Infesting Wheat, The Gooseberry, And Various Plants. They Are Some -times Very Destructive To Wheat, Barley, Rye, Grass, Etc. The Eggs Are Deposited In June And July, In The Opening Flowers Of The Grain. These Hatch In About Eight Days, And Produce Minute, Orange-colored Grubs, Which Feed ...
Mignonette
Mignonette. Reseda Odorata. A Plant Of The Most Delicate Fragrance And Of Easy Cul Tivation, But Which Transplants With Diffieulty. Therefore It Should Be Sown Where It Is To Stand, Or Else Sown In Pots And Transplanted With The Ball Entire. A Good Plant Should Be In Every Window Collection ...
Milk
Milk. This Wonderfully Constituted, Nat Ural Product Of The Females Of Mammalia, Pro Duced In The Precise Proportions As To Constitu Ents, For The Most Perfect Assimilation By The Systems Of Young Animals Is Now Acknowledged By Scientists As Being Not Only A Perfect Food For Infants, But Also As ...
Mole
Mole. The Naoles Of America Belong To The Genus S'oriops, And Not To The True Moles, Talpa, Found In Europe. The Ground Mole, Scalops Aquaticus, Is Found In The Eastern And Southern States. The Western Mole, S. Argentea, Being Found In Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Mis Souri, And Kentucky, And ...
Molecule
Molecule. An Atom Not Capable Of Mechanical Subdivision. The Minute Atoms Of Which Bodies Are Formed. Of Organic Molecules, The Late Prof. Henry Said, We Are Able To Con Struct A Crystal Of Alum, From Its Elements, By Combining Sulphur, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Potas Sium And Aluminum; But The Chemist Has ...
Morgan Horses
Morgan Horses. The Morgan Horse, Which Probably Owes Its Principal Celebrity To The Black Hawk Strain (see Cut), And His Descendants Have Years Since Passed The Zenith Of Their Popularity. Admirable As These Horses Were For Light Driving, Their Small Size And Light Weight Was Against Them, And In Speed, ...
Mulberry
Mulberry. Morns. The Red Mulberry, Moms Rubra, Is The Only Native Species Of The Mulberry In The United States. The Black Mul Berry Of Europe Is Occasionally Cultivated For Its Fruit. The Whim Mulberry, M. Alba, Is Culti Vated In Silk Growing Regions For Feeding Silk Worms, And The Paper ...
Mule
Mule, A Mule Is A Hybrid Between Two Species Of The Same Genus. Thus, There May Be As Many Varieties Of Mules As There Are Species That Are Fertile One With Another (see Article Hybrid.) By Common Consent However, The Term Mule Is Understood To Be The Product Of The ...
Murrain
Murrain. A Disease, One Of The Forms Of Anthrax, (which See). Bloody Murrain Is Malig Nant Anthrax, Sometimes Called Black Quarter From The Engorgement Of The Neck, Shoulder, Quarter, Breast, Or Side Of The Animal, Producing A Black And Bloody Appearance Of The Tissues In The Latter Stages Of The ...
Mushroom
Mushroom. Iviushooms Are Eaten By Every Civilized Nation, When Fresh, Forming A Delicate And Palatable Food. The Difficulty In Obtaining Non-poisonous Kinds, And The Distress Ing And Sometimes Fatal Effects Of Eating Poison Ous Fungi Deter Many Persons From Using Them At All. Nevertheless, A Person May Soon Come To ...
Mustang Horses
Mustang Horses. The Mustang Has Been Denominated The Wild Horse Of North Amer Ica, And With The Same Truth As The Term Wild Horse Of South America Is Used. There Are No Wild Horses In America Except Such As Having Escaped From Domesticity In An Early Day Have Since Become ...
Mustard
Mustard. The Mustard Family Crucifera3 Includes Many Most Valuable Plants To Man; Among Them Nasturtium, Water Cress, Cabbage, Turnip, The Radish, Horse Radish, Pepper Grass And Mustard. The Varieties Of Mustard Cultivated For The Seeds Which Are Ground Into The Mustard Of Commerce, Are The White, &nap& Alba, And The ...
Mutton Sheep
Mutton Sheep. Within The Last Ten Or Fifteen Years The Demand For Superior Mutton Has Led To The Extensive Importation Of Sheep Adapted Particularly To The Production Of Mut Ton. Flocks Of The Improved Breeds Are Now Found All Over The United States, And Especially Within Easy Reach Of Our ...
Nascent
Nascent. In The Act Of Being Produced Or Evolved. A Chemical Phrase Given To The Evolu Tion Of Gases From Fluids, At Which Time They Are Fornia, And The Pampas Of South America, That They Were Slaughtered Simply For The Value Of Their Hides And Tallow. The So-called Native Cattle ...
Nayicular Disease
Nayicular Disease. This Disease Is Known Also As Contraction Of The Feet, And Pro Duces The Peculiar Crippled Gait Known As Grog Giness. The Intense Agony Of The Suffering Ani Mal May Be Partially Imagined By Any Person, Who, From A Boot Which Contracting On The Foot, Has Doubled The ...
Neat Cattle
Neat Cattle. The Term Neat Cattle Is Gen Erally Accepted As Implying All Breeds Of The Ox Tribe Domesticated By Man. They Are Therefore As Diverse In Their Characteristics As The Nations And Peoples Who Have Bred Them. In England, The United States And In Canada, They May Be Said ...
Nitrogen
Nitrogen. Azote, So Called From Its Fatal Effects On Life When Breathed, In An Uncombined State. Hydrogen Forms About Seventy-nine Parts In The One Hundred Parts Of Air. In Combination With Oxygen, It Forms Nitric Acid. Combinei With Hydrogen It Forms Ammonia. In Combina Tion With Oxygen It Is The ...
Nursery
Nursery. In Horticulture, A Nursery Is A Field Or Farm Used Exclusively For The Propaga Tion Of Trees And Plants, And The Cultivation Thereof Until They Are Of Sufficient Size For Trans Planting Where They Are To Stand Permanently. -until Within The Last Seventy Years But Little Attention Was Paid ...
Oak Insects
Oak Insects. The Oaks Are Subject To The. Attacks Of Various Insects, Including The Leaves, The Young Wood, The Inner Bark, And Also Boring Into The Solid Wood. Of The Latter The Borers, Especially The Water Borers, Are Particularly Destructive To The Timber. The Oak Twig Pruner, Stenocorus Putator,(elaphidion Villosum,) ...
Oidium
Oidium. (see Fungus.) Oil. The Oils Consist Principally Of Carbon And Hydrogen, They, However, Have A Great Affinity For Oxygen, And If Exposed To The Air Soon Absorb Oxygen And Thus Become Rancid, Since Besides Oleine They Contain More Or Less Of Other Matter. Hence, The Reason Why Fats So ...
Oil Of Wine
Oil Of Wine. Two Liquid Oily Bodies, As Well As The Cenanthic Ether, Are Known By This Name; The Former Arises From Distilling Ether Off Caustic Lime, And Are Sulphates Of The Oxide Of Ethyl. Okra. _hibiscus Eseulentus. A Plant Produc Ing Handsome Flowers, And Mucilaginous Pods, Valuable For Soups, ...
Oleace2e
Oleace2e. ()lea Americana. Devil-wood; American Olive. South Ern States. Thia Is A Small Evergreen Tree, With Thick, Leathery Leaveo, And Small, White, Fragrant Flowers. It Is Related To The Olive-tree Of The Eastern World, But Its Fruit Has No Value. It Is Impossible To Split, And Hence The Vulgar Name ...
Oleomargarine
Oleomargarine. A Preparation Of The Fat Of Neat Cattle, Much Used Of Late Years For Making Fictitious Butter, And For Adulterating Butter And Cheese. When Prepared In A Cleanly Manner, And From Healthy Fat, Ft Is Nearly Identi Cal In Its Composition With True Butter, And Fully Equal In Nutrition, ...
Olive
Olive. The Olive Has Been Successfully Cul Tivated For Many Years On The Coast Of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida And Alabama; So Far, However, More In An Amateur Way Than With A View Of Reaping Profit From Pressing The Oil. The Olive, Olea Europma, Has Always Held Rank As The ...
Onidn
Onidn. Allium Cepa. .the Onion Is One Of The Oldest Cultivated As It Is One Of The Most Celebrated Of Ancient Vegetables. In Egypt, It Attained Great Excellence And Mildness, Probably From The Steady Heat, And Constant Moisture Of Irrigation In Connection With The Rich Alluvial Soil Of The Nile. ...
Orange
Orange. Citrus Aurantiuna. The Orange, Originally A Native Of The Warmer Portions Of Asia, Is Now Generally Disseminated And Grown In All Countries Where The Winter Frosts Are Not Severe Enough To Kill The Trees. In The United States, South Carolina And Georgia, The Gulf States And Southern California Comprise ...
Oriole
Oriole. Icterus. There Are Two Species, The Garden Oriole, I. Spurius, And The Baltimore Oriole, I. Baltimore. The First Named Is Of -a Bright Chestnut Color, The Head, Neck, Back,wings And Tail Black, Bill And Legs Bluish-black. Mat Ure Birds, Or After The Third Year, Mottled On The Upper Parts ...
Ornamental Grass
Grass, Ornamental. The Varieties Of Ornamental Grasses Are Numerous, And Some Of Those Recently Introduced Are Especially Beauti Ful. The Annual Ornamental Varieties Are Too Well Known To Need Description, As Are Some Of The Finer Of The Perennial Varieties. Erianthus Ravenna, (see Cut Above) Resembles The Brated Pampas Grass, ...
Ornithology
Ornithology. The Department Of Science Which Treats Of Birds, Their Characteristics, Their Form, Structure, Habits And Uses Is Called Ornitho Logy ; From Two Greek Words Signifying, A Bird, And Discourse. To The Fanner, The Study Is Of Great Importance As Enabling Him To Distinguish Between Birds Useful, Those Whose ...
Orthoptera
Orthoptera. The Name Orthoptera Sig Nifies Straight Wing, As The Generality Of Insects Of This Order Are Distinguished By Having Their Under Wings Folded In Straight Plaits, And Not Doubled Up Under The Wing-cases, As In The Coleoptera Or Beetles. When The Insect Is At Rest The Under Wings Are ...
Oxygen
Oxygen. This Important Element Was Dis Covered In 1774 By Dr. Priestley. There Are Sev Eral Compounds Of Oxygen Which, When Exposed To Heat, Are Decomposed, And Yield The Gas In A State Of Purity. Of These, The Best Is Chlorate Of Potash; But As That Salt Is Expensive, We ...
Oyster Shell Bark Louse
Oyster Shell Bark Louse. The Oyster Shell Bark Louse, (aspidiotusconchiformis,) Is Often Destructive To Young Orchards If Neglec Ted, Fastening Themselves In Countless Numbers On The Young Bark Of The Twigs And Smaller Limbs, And Thus Sapping The Life Of The Tree By Sucking Its Juices. This Is An Imported ...
Palmace2e
Palmace2e. Sabal Palmetto. Cabbage Palmetto. Coast Of North Carolina And Southwa, D. The Well Known Palmetto Tree Of The Southern States, From North Carolina To Florida. It Grows In Sandy Soil Along The Coaat, With A Atein From Twenty To Forty Feet High. The Leavea Are Five To Eight Feet ...
Parsnip
Parsnip. Pastinaca Sativa. A Hardy Bien Nial Plant Standing Out During Our Coldest Win Ters, And With Advantage In Flavor To The Fusi Form Root, The Edible Portion Of The Plant. If Allowed To Stand, The Second Year The Flower Stalk Is Thrown Up To The Height Of Five Or ...
Partridge
Partridge. Perclicidce. The Partridge Differs From The Grouse In Having The Legs Uufeathered Below The Knee, And In Having The Nostrils Uncovered. In The New England States, Most Of The Middle States And Generally In The West, This Bird Is Known As Quail. In The South, It Is Known By ...
Parturition
Parturition. On The Farm, Among Animals Which Have Good Shelter And Plenty Of Food, But Little Difficulty Is Experienced In Bring Ing Forth The Young. The Exceptions Are Gener Ally When Mechanical Difficulty Is Present, As In Rigidity Of The Womb, Or Else Contracted Pelvis Bones. Other Difficulties Are The ...
Pasturage
Pasturage. The Value Of Pasturage Is Second To No Other Product Of The Country. Yet It Is The Fact That Comparatively Few Permanent Pastures Are To Be Found In The Country. This Is Undoubtedly Owing To The Fact, That But Com Paratively A Small Portion Of The United States Is ...
Pavilion
Pavilion. In Architecture, A Projecting Apartment On The Flank Of N Building, Usually Higher Than The Rest Of It. Summer-houses In Gardens Are Sometimes, But Improperly, Termed Pavilions. Pea. Pisum. The Cultivated Pea Is One Of The Most Important Of The Pulse Family, Ranking Next The Bean, (phaseolus,) In Value. ...
Peach
Peach. Persica Vulgaris. The Original Country Of The Peach Is Uot Certainly Known. Ii, Is, However, Indigenous To Persia, And Was Taken From Thence To Italy By The Romans, In The Time Of The Emperor Claudius. Hence Its Name Persica, From Persia. In China It Seems To Have Been Cultivated ...
Pear
Pear. Pyrus Communis. The Pear Would Undoubtedly Be The Favorite Dessert Fruit Of The Day, Were It Not, That, Owing To The Blight And Other Disabilities Neither Uniform Crops, Nor The Life Of The Tree Itself Can Be Depended On Even In The Most Favored Localities In The United States. ...
Peat
Peat. A Fibrous Earth, The Remains Of The Decomposition Of Aquatic Grasses, In A Transition State Toward The Formation Of Coal. Localities Where Found, Are Termed Peat Bogs, And When Other Fuel Is Scarce It Is Commonly Used, Burning With A Clear Flame Or Smouldering, According To Its Quality. It ...
Perfumes
Perfumes. Cologne. Deodorized Proof Spirit Or Dil. Alco Hol, 4 Pints; Oil Lemon, 2 Drachms; Oil Rose, 2 Minims; Oil Citronella, 4 Minims; Oil Bergamot, 2 Drachms. Rub The Oil Thoroughly With One Ounce Of Carbonate Magnesia, Then Add Alcohol Gradually, Rubbing The Paste Until It Is Very Thin, Pour ...
Persimmon
Persimmon. Diospyros. The American Persimmon, D. Virginiana, Is A Small Tree, Though Sometimes It Is Found From Forty To Fifty Feet High. It Is Eommon South Of Forty Degrees And Rare North, Seldom Being Found As High As Forty-two Degrees. Grown If There Is Plenty Of Room, The Tree Is ...
Pheasant
Pheasant. In Some Sections Of The Middle States And In The South The Ruffed Grouse (tetrao Umbellus) Is Improperly Called Pheasant, Just As It Is Called Partridge In New England And Some Other Sections Of The North And West. The True Pheasant (phasianus) Is Not A Native Of The United ...
Pigeon
Pigeon. The Pigeon Is Bred In A Domesti Cated State In Every Civilized Country In The World, And Is Now Broken Up By Breeding Into An Almost Infinite Variety Of Forms And Characteristics_ Their Powers Of Flight Are Most Astonishing, The Carrier Pigeon Having Been Known To Traverse 800 Miles ...
Pinks
Pinks. Dianthus. A Class Of Highly Orna Mental Plants, Biennials And Perennials, All, How Ever, Requiring Protection In The Winter In The North, And Some Like The Carnation, Requiring To Be Kept In The House In Winter. The Character Istics Of Excellence In Pinks Are That The Flowers Should Be ...
Pitting Roots And Vegetables
Roots And Vegetables, Pitting. Iviany Farmers In The West, Even Of Those Who Pay Proper Attention To The Kitcben Garden, Do Not Have The Cellar Room They Ought To Have ; And This, Often, From The Difficulty And Expense In Procuring Stone For The Walls. This, How Ever, Need Not ...
Plant Life In Winter
Plant Life In Winter. It Would Seem That The Freezing Point Of The Sap—the Blood In A Sense—of A Tree Or Plant May Not Be Really Frozen Without Destroying The Life, Or At Least Severely Injuring Its Vitality. So Different Plants Have Different Freezing Points, That Is, The Degree Of ...
Pleu Ko Pneumonia
Pleu Ko-pneumonia. Sbnple Pneu Monia Is One Of The Most Common Of The Danger Ous Inflammations Attacking, Either The Human Family Or Animals. It Is The Name Given To An Inflammation Of The Parenchyma, (the Spongy Substance Contained In The Interstices Between The Blood Vessels Of The Viscera). In Acute ...
Plow
Plow. That The Plow Is The Most Important Implement Of Tillage, Is Beyond Question. Not Withstanding That We Have Historical Evidence In The Book Of Job (probably The Most Ancient Of Biblical Writings) That The Plow Was Used In His Day, And Through Successive Generations And Centuries, Evidence Of Its ...
Plowing Three Abreast
Plowing Three Abreast. The Using Of Four Horses In Heavy Plowing, By Attaching One Pair Before The Other, Is Going Out Of General Use, For The Reason That It Has Been Found In Practice That Three Horses Or Mules Working Abreast Or Beside Each Other, Accomplish About As Much Work, ...
Plum
Plum. The Plum Delights In A Rather Com Pact, Well Drained, Rich, Loamy Soil. It Is One Of The Most Hardy Of Trees, Quite As Much So As The Apple, And Would Be Generally Cultivated Were It Not For The Ravages Of The Curculio. There Has Never Yet Been Found ...
Plus
Plus. More: Marked By The Sign +. Plutonic Rocks. Unstratified Crystal Line Rocks, Like Granite, Porphyry, Basalt. Pluviameter. The Rain Gauge. Plymouth Rock Fowls. Of Late Years This Breed Has Come Distinctively Into Notice, And Has Had Many Admirers. The Original Fowls Are Claimed To Have Been Bred By Dr. ...
Pneumonia
Pneumonia. This Is Lung Fever In Horses, Or An Inflammation Of The Substance Of The Lungs, Followed By Secretion And Effusion Of Lymph, Which Solidifies The Lungs, At Length Causing Death By Suffocation, Or Recovering By The Grad Ual Absorption Of The Matter. It Is Brought About By Various Causes, ...
Poisoning
Poisoning. In The Case Of Animals, The Subject Has Been Treated Of In The Body Of This Work. In Cases Of Poisoning Of Any Member Of The Family, Send For A Physician At Once. But The Following General Treatment Will Be Indicated, When The Poison Is Not Known : Vomit ...
Poisons Affecting Plants
Poisons Affecting Plants. These Are Few In Number, And Principally Mineral. -of Gases, The Common Illuminating Gas Is The Only One To Be Feared, Acting Fatally, When From Leakage Of The Underground Pipes, It Is Taken Up By The Roots. Plants Quickly Suffer If Kept In Rooms Lighted With Gas, ...
Poisons And Antidotes
Poisons And Antidotes. As A Rule. The Lower Animals Are Seldom Poisoned, If Left To Themsleves. Poisoning Is Oftener The Result Of Carelessness Or The Stupidity Of Stablemen, Giving Quack Nostrums To Improve The Coat Or Courage Of The Horse. If The Cause Is Not Known, Give At Once, A ...
Polled Cattle
Polled Cattle. Of The Polled Breeds Of Cattle There Are Several In England. Among The Polled Breeds That Have Acquired Reputation Are The Angus Polled, The Suffolk, And The Galloway. The Latter Have Been, Of Late Years, Brought To The -united States, Bred And Exhibited At Our Fairs. Those Specimens ...
Pollen
Pollen. The Pollen Of Plants Is The Fecun Dating Dust Or Minute Grains Of Organized Ferti Lizing Matter Which, Falling Upon The Pistil Of The Flower, Throws Out Hair-like Tubes, Which Pene Trate Through The Whole Exteut Of The Vascular Tissue Of The Pistil, And Reaching The Ovules, Fertilize Them, ...
Pork
Pork. The Flesh Of Swine, After Being Cut For Use, Is Called Pork. In Cutting It Should Be .done With Reference To The Use For Which It Is Intended. In The Great Pork Packing Establish Ments The Cutting And Curing Has Special Refer Ence To The Particular Markets To Which ...
Potash
Potash. Alkali. Profoxide Of Potassium The, Substance Popularly Known Under The Name Of Potash Is A Combination Of Oxygen And Of A Metal Called Potassium. This Metal Was First Separated From The Alkali In 1807, By Sir Hum Phrey Davy, And Is Interesting On Account Of Its Properties, And As ...
Potato
Potato. Solanum Tuberosum. The Potato Is One Of The Most Important Of Field Crops, As Food For Man, Ranking Next To Wheat, Its Limits Of Cultivation Being Carried Further North Than That Of Spring Wheat And Extending South To The Equator. One Of The Singular Circumstances In Connection With The ...
Potting Plan
Potting Plan Rs. The Successful Florist Knows That The Best Soil For Plants Is A Normal One, Or One In Which It Naturally Grew, And Naturally Seeks To Give It Those Conditions As Near As He Can. All This Requires A Pretty Extensive Knowledge, Not Only Of The Habits Of ...
Poudrette
Poudrette. Poudrettes Consist Of Blood, Fish And Animal Matters, And Night-soil, Dried And Combined With Substances Capable Of Deo Dorizing Them And Absorbing Their Ammonia, Phosphuretted Hydrogen. And Other Gases And Moisture, And Reduced To Powder. A Species Of Poudrette, Fish Manure, Is Prepared By Steaming And Pressing The Fish, ...
Poultry
Poultry. The Term Poultry Is, Strictly Speaking, Applied To The Gallinaceous Tribe. The French Poule Signifies A Hen, And Poulet A Chicken. The Italian Polla A Chicken, And Pollame Poultry. In Latin Pullus Is A Chicken, Or Other Allied Young Animal. In Its Broad Sense It Is Now Used To ...
Predaceous Beetle
Predaceous Beetle. The Predaceous Beetles Are Among The Most Beneficial In Agricul Ture, Since They Prey Exclusively Upon Insects, And Principally On Noxious Ones. There Are Two Principal Classes Of These, The Predaceous Ground Beetles, The Most Useful, And The Soft Winged Predaceous Beetles. In The First Class We Have ...
Preserving Winter Fruit
Preserving Winter Fruit. The Result Of Long And Diversified Experience In Keep Ing Fruit May Be Summed Up In A Single Sentence: Keep Them Dry, Cool, And As Nearly As Possible From Contact With External Air. How To Do This Under Ordinary Circumstances, And With The Facil Ities At Command, ...
Propagation
Propagation. Seeds Are The Most General Means Of Propagation, But They Do Not Perpetuate Improved Varieties, Espeeially Of Fruits; Buds Do, However. Buds Are Propagated By Budding, Grafting, Setting Slips, Euttings, Layers, Offshoots, Suckers, And In Some Plants, As The Strawberry, By Natural Runners. The Bulb Is A Peculiar Bud, ...
Putrefaction
Putrefaction. The Spontaneous Decom Position Of Animal And Vegetable Substances, Attended By The Evolution Of Fetid Gases. The Putrefactive Fermentation Of Animal Substances Is Usually Attended By More Fetid And Noxious Exhalations Than Those Arising From Vegetable Products. This Appears Principally Referable To The More Abundant Presence Of Nitrogen In ...
Quidding In Horses
Quidding In Horses. The Throwing Out Of The Mouth Of Half Chewed Food Is Termed Quidding. It Is Occasioned By Some Disease Of The Mouth, As Sore Gums, Decayed Teeth, Swell Ing Caused By Obstructions Of The Ducts Of The Salivary Glands, Or By Chronic Enlargement Of The Glands Of ...
Rain
Rain. It Has Been Said That Drought Scares. The Farmer, But That Too Much Water Absolutely Destroys His Hopes. This Has Especially Been_ Found To Be A Truism In The West, And Hence The. Impetus Given To Surface And Tile Draining Within_ The Last Few Years, Especially The Latter, Since ...
Rake
Rake. There Are So Many Uses To Which Hand Rakes May Be Put That, Notwithstanding The Almost Universal Use Of Horse Rakes In Gather Ing Crops, The Industry Connected With The Manu Facture Of Wooden, Iron And Steel Rakes Is Immense. Since The Introduction Of The Lawn Mower, The Lawn ...
Ramie
Ramie. This Fiber Plant Has Attracted Much Attention In The South Within The Last Twenty Years, And Especially So Within The Last Ten Years, As Also Has The Other Coarser Fiber Plant Of The East Indies, Jute, Which See. The Chief Diffi Culties In The Way Of The Manufacture Of ...
Rape
Rape. Brasstca Rapa. The Cultivation Of Rape For Its Seed, From Which An Oil Is Expressed, F Ormerly Used For Its Superior Illuminating Power, And For Its Other Uses In The Arts, Has, Of Late Years, Considerably Declined Even In Europe. The Best Varieties For Oil Are The Biennial Species, ...
Raspberry
Raspberry. Rub.us. Our Native Raspber Ries Are The Thimble Berry Or Black Cap, (rubus Occideatalis), And The Red Raspberry (r. Strigosus). The Raspberry Is Common In Some Of Its Forms In Nearly Every Part Of Europe And The United States. The Variety From Which The Principal European Sorts Have Their ...
Reapers
Reapers. Reaping By Machinery Is Men Tioned So Long Ago As The Time Of Pliny, The Elder, Or More Than 2,000 Years Ago. This Graphic Writer Says: In The Extensive Fields Of The Low Lands Of Gaul, Vans Of Large Size, With Project Ing Teeth On The Forward Edge, Are ...
Rear Horse
Rear Horse. Mantida. True Orthopter Ous Insects Which Have Their Legs Peculiarly Adapted For Walking, And Known Under Various Expressive Names, As Rear-horse, Camel-crickets, Or Praying Mantids; All, As Well As The Specters Or Walking-sticks, Are Beneficial To Agriculture, Since They Destroy All Such Insects As They Can Catch And ...
Reclamation Of Land
Reclamation Of Land. The History Of The Reclamation Of Swamps And Marsh Lands, More Especially By Shutting Out The Water Of Floods, Is As Old As Civilization Itself. Its Con Densed History Is Given Both As Showingits Antiq Uity And The Importance Always Attached To Such Reclamation, From The Great ...
Relative Growth Of Trees
Relative Growth Of Trees. It Is Not Generally Known How Fast Trees Will Grow And Make Timber In A Fertile Soil. It Is Not Necessary In This Article To Go Into An Argument To Prove Tbe Value Of Tree Planting In Treeless Regions. It Is An Accepted Fact. As Showing ...
Removing Fruit And Other
Removing Fruit And Other Trees. Tjniess Much Care Is Taken, The Greater Part Of The Small Or Fibrous Roots Of Fruit Trees Are Destroyed In Digging; Or If Not Thus Destroyed, They Are Allowed To Get Dry, And Consequently Become Worthless For The Purpose For Which Nature Intended Them—that Of ...
Rennet
Rennet. The Membrane Of The Stomachs Of The Suckling Young Grass-feeding Animals, Including Swine, Furnish The Secretion Called Rennet, As Used For Coagulating Milk In The Man Ufacture Of Cura And Cheese. Rennet Skins, As These Membranes Are Called, Are Better At One Year Old, Or When Thoroughly Cured, Than ...
Or Alluvion Alluvium
Alluvium, Or Alluvion. A Term Which, In The English Language, Has No Very Defined Meaning. Some Authors Use It To Designate All Those Rocks Which Have Been Formed By Causes Now Acting On The Surface Of The Earth, Including Those Of Volcanic Origin; While Others, Adhering To The Literal Meaning ...
Or Aphides
Aphides, Or Plant Lice, As They Are Usually Called, Are Among The Most Extraordinary Of Insects. They Are Found Upon Almost All Parts Of Plants—the Roots, Stems, Young Shoots, Buds And Leaves—and There Is Scarcely A Plant Which Does Not Harbor One Or Two Kinds Peculiar To Itself. They Are, ...
Or Colic Blown
Blown, Or Colic. Undue Distention Of The Stomach, From Fermentation Of Food, As Wet Grass, Bad Fodder, Musty Hay, Ergoty, Or Even Sound Grain Eaten In Undue Quantities, Causing The Liberation Of Gas Faster Than It Can Be Passed Off, Is Usually Termed Hoven In Cattle, And Also Blast, Blown, ...