SAVORY. The summer savory (Satureja bortensis) is an annual, and propagated by seed , the winter (S. montana) is perennial, and man aged in the same way- as sage, which it greatly resembles. They are labiate plants.
SAW. The use of the saw has, without doubt, exerted a greater influence in the art of building, than that of any other implement or tool ever used therein. It has enabled all inside and out side finish to be elaborated to the greatest degree, and of late years, steam and water propelled gang saws, scroll saws, and other perfected forms have not only cheapened the price of lumber the world over, but rendered it available for a great variety of purposes, not previously attainable. Now, so simple has machinery for sawing purposes become, that mills for sawing timber may be set up directly in the forest, and the lumber made as fast as the trees are felled. This is often done, especially in sawing hard wood. The illustration gives a fair representation of the manner of work, including chopping the trees, sawing off the logs, loading, and ripping by means of the steam circular saw. The history of the saw is especially interesting, and hence we give some information relating to this implement, from Appleton's New Cyclopcedia. It says: The Egyptians used saws of bronze, and applied them to cutting out planks from logs. The saw was single-handed, and the log was placed on end and secured to posts set in the ground. The inventor of the saw was deified by the Greeks, and called by some Talus and by others Perdix. The saws of the Grecian carpenters were like the straight frame saws of modern times, the blade set across the middle of the frame, with the teeth perpendicular to its plane. The block of wood to be sawn was clamped down upon a bench, and the workmen stood on opposite sides of this, one at each end of the saw. Saws are of various forms and sizes, according to their intended use. The older lorms are straight strips of steel, either set in a frame, or simply provided with handles at each end, so as to be moved forward and back by two persons; or the plate is made stiff enough for a single handle to answer, when it is worked by one person holding it in one hand. In modern times saw blades are often circular, the teeth cutting as .the saw revolves constantly in the same direction. The teeth are variously shaped for different saws. The most simple are made by angular notches, the angle at the apex of the notch being of 60°. This is most convenient for sliarpeninz, a,s the common triangular or three square file is just adapted to its figure. When the teeth are made with equal sides, they are said to have an upright pitch; and when they make a zigzag of alternating long and short lines, they are said to be flat or to have con siderable pitch. The former are adapted for cross-cut saws, worked by two men, one at each end. Such teeth lack the chisel-like effect of those of a low pitch, and rather scrape away the wood than tear into it like the latter, which cut only when the saw is moved in the direction toward which the teeth point. Hand saws in the United States and England have the teeth pointed from the handle; in Asiatic countries and in Greece they have always been made with teeth pointed the other way. A straight cut upon a line can probably be made better by the thrusting cut, and in this the sawdust is thrown out more freely; but the force is certainly applied to better advantage as regards the saw in pulling it in the line of its greatest strength than in pushing; and for very slender saws, in which it is an object to dispense with all unnecessary width and thickness, as in the keyhole and other similar sorts, it would appear decidedly better to adopt the East Indian prac tice. Some large saws are notched at a sharper
angle than 60°, and for these special files made for the angle are used, and are known as mill saw files. Teeth rnade at a low pitch in large 8fLIVS would become clogged with sawdust unless the spaces between them were enlarged, and the various forms in which this is done give distinc tive names to the teeth. In large mill saws and. circular saws the space between the teeth, which_ may be two or three inches, is hollowed out in a curve, and the outline is much like a fish hook_ in form, the shank of the hook bending back to make the back of one tooth, and the point curving round to form the under side or face of the next. All saws used for cutting wood require some pro vision against their liability to become jammed and the teeth clogged in the narrow passage they make for themselves. This is sometimes, effected by making the blade thinner toward the back, but the most effectual mode is in the set given to the teeth. The earliest notice of saws being run by power is contained in a manuscript of the 13th century in Paris, in which is a representation of the saw mill with a self action turned by a water wheel. Beckmann finds- • evidence of saw mills worked by water power in Augsburg, Germany, as far back as 1322_ In the island of Madeira one is said to have been in operation in 1420, and the first one in Norway was built in. 1530. In Holland they were in use rnore than one hundred years sooner than in England; and the Dutch furnished the. English with lumber. The operation of one at Lyons in 1555 is described by tbe bishop of Ely, then British ambassador at Rome_ The first recorded attempt to establish a saw mill int Great Britain was made near London in 1663 by a Dutchman; but the enterprise was abandoned_ on account of the opposition of the hand saw yers. In 1700 the advantages offered by this improvement was set before the public by one Houghton; but no one ventured to introduce it till 1767 or 1768, when by the desire of the, society of arts a saw mill was built at Lime- house by James Stansfield. It was soon destroyed by the nriob. In the American colonies the importance of this expeditious means of obtain ing sawed lumber was generally felt, and_ efforts were early made to obtain the necessary machinery, such as was used in Holland. In, 1634 a saw mill was put in operation at the falls of the Piscataqua, between Berwick and the Cocheco branch of that river, and this is sup posed to have been the first mill of the kind in, New England. In New York as many as three mills were constructed by the Dutch West India. company about 1633, to run by water power.or by wind. One of them was on Nut or Gover nor's island, which was leased in 1639 for 500 merchantable boards yearly, half oak and half pine. Another was on Saw Mill creek, a small stream which flowed into the East river from the pond know as the Collect. On the Delaware, saw mills were erected by the Dutch and Swedes. before the arrival of Penn.