CARELLIA, ar-ref-M-a, a learned lady, Cicero.
Ciasan, cd-sar. r. A Roman patrician family of the Julian gees, descended from Talus (Asca'nius), and probably named from the ancestor of the family having a thick head of hair (cesstir'ies). When the family gained the throne of the Roman empire, the name was used by the emperors prefixed to their own name, and after Imperator (e. g., hulk C. Tiberius Augustus), but Hadrian allowed Altus Verus to adopt it ; and thereafter it was usually conferred on the Heir-Apparent, while the emperor was Augustus. 2. L. J., consul so s.c., in the Social war, proposed the Lex 712'lla de civiate, and was killed by Marius, 87. 3. C. J., brother of (a), the chief orator and poet of his age, slain by Marius, 87 s.c. 4, L. J., son of (3), was uncle by his sister Julia to M. Antony, the triumvir, sided with the senate, 44 B.C., and was proscribed by An tony, but 5, L. J., son of (4), joined Pompey, 49 B.C. 6. C., father of (7), was praetor, and died at Piste in 84. 7. C. J., the son of (6) and Aurelia, daughter of Cotta, born nth July, zoo s.c., six years after the birth of Pompey and Cicero ; at fifteen years he lost his father, and was made priest of Jupiter ; at seventeen he married Cornelia, daughter of L. Cinna, chief of the Marian party with which he was already connected by his aunt Julia, wife of Atreus), and was proscribed by Stills for refusing to put away his wife ; he concealed himself among the Sabines, and was pardoned by Sulla, who predicted his future greatneSs. When he went to study at Rhodes tinder Apollonius Molo, Cmsar was seized by pira es, whom he threatened to punish ; and, as soon as he was ransomed, he fitted out a ship and seized and crucified them. By his eloquence and liberal life he became popular at Rome ; he was qpzstor 68, tedile 65, and Pontifex Maxi mus on death of Metellus, 63 ; he opposed the punishment of the Catilinarians, with whom he was suspected of being in league ; became prtetor 6a, and proprmtor of Hispania Ulterior 61, when he conquered the Lusitanians ; on his return to Rome he was made consul, 59, and, after passing liberal measures, set over Trans alpine Gaul for five years by the influence of Pompey, to whom he had married his daughter Julia. He extended the Roman dominions, and invaded Britain. Before setting out for Gaul, Cmsar had formed with Pompey (then estranged from the senate) and the wealthy M. Crassus the First Triumvirate, to hold the power of the republic between the three ; and by their interest his command was pro longed for another five years ; but the deaths of Julia and Crassus soon led to a civil war, for the ambition of each tolerated neither equal nor superior. Pompey rejoined the aristo cratical party, and the senate decreed that Caesar should disband his army, which he had already offered to do if Pompey would do the same ; the tribunes, M. Antonlus and Q. Cas sius, vetoed the decree, but in vain, -and Antony fled to Csesar's camp, who made the insult thus offered to the sacred person of the 1 tribune a pretext of war, and crossed the Rubicon, the boundary of his province ; by that act declaring war. Pompey, his troops de serting him for the people's favourite, retired to Dyrrhachium, and Caesar entered Rome, thence proceeded to Spain against Pompey's partisans under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro, and, after conquering them, returned to Rome, where, in the mean time, he had been made Dictator. After eleven days he resigned the dictatorship and entered on the consulship with P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus. In the beginning of 48 Caesar crossed to Greece, was repulsed from Dyrrhachium, and retreated to Thessaly, where, on the plains of Pharsalia, x9th August, 48, he utterly overthrew Pompey, who fled to Egypt and was murdered : he followed to Egypt, became enamoured of Cleopatra (who bore him a son, Cmsarion), and to seat her on the throne with her brother Ptolemy he be came involved in the Alexandrine war. In 47
he marched back to Rome through Syria and Asia Minor ; in Pontus he defeated, at Zela, Pharnaces, son of the great Mithridates and ally of Pompey, with such ease that he announced it to senate in the laconic despatch, Veni, yids; via (I came, I saw, I conquered); entered Rome September, 47, crossed to Africa, defeated the Potageitum, Scipio and Cato, at Thapsus, 6th April, 46, returned to Rome in July, and was appointed perpetual Dictator ; in he went to Spain, and defeated, on 17th March, Pompey's sons, Sextus and Cneius, the latter being killed shortly afterwards. Cesar returned to Rome in triumph, and, on the 55th February, 44, declined the diadem, which Antony publicly offered him. His glory was shortlivcd, for a was set on foot by his enemy Cas sius, and mined by many of his own friends, including M. Brutus; Cazsar, though warned by his friends and the dream of his wife, Cal purnia(2), proceeded to the senate-house, on the Ides (15th) March, 44, where he was stabbed, the first thrust being given by Casca, who was at once followed by the others ; Cesar defended himself till he recognized M. Brutus among his assassins, when, exclaiming " Tu gulique, Brine 1" he muffled his face with his toga and fell dead at the base of Pompey's statue. Cesar was one of the greatest and best citizens of Rome ; his aims, though at first prompted by ambition, finally regarded onlythe good of the Roman world ; his clemency as a conqueror presents a striking contrast to the inhuman proscriptions of Marius, Sulla, An tony, and Octavlanus,who converted Rome into a shambles for the noblest of the Romans. He has been denounced for overthrowing the Re- , public, but practically the Republic had ceased to exist with the first civil war ; and, while the dominions of the Republic had been so extended as to include almost the entire world then known, the debased herd who constituted the popular Assembly were utterly unable to rule themselves, far less the provinces: the Senate was crowded with old nobles, who thought of the provinces merely as fields for enriching themselves by extortion ; and the old patrician families had lost, with their republican sim plicity, their patriotic virtues. The best proof of the necessity of the empire inaugurated by Julius Cesar is that his successors constantly received addresses from, and were voted statues and temples by, the grateful provincials ; and the conduct of Caesar proves that he was better fitted than any of the other nobles to hold the supreme power. Cesar was distin guished for learning, and, during his campaigns in Gaul, he wrote his elegant Commentaries, nearly lost when he was once upset in the bay of Alexandria ; he reformed the calendar, and beautified Rome with public buildings, libra ries, and porticos ; he was of great personal bravery, and exceedingly liberal, but his cha- I racier was marred by profligacy. His death is said to have been preceded and accompanied by uncommon prodigies. 8. C., son of M. Vipsanlus Agrippa and Julia, and grandson of Augustus, died of a wound, A.D. 4, in Lycia. 9. L., brother of (8), died at Massilia, A.D. a. W. AUGUSTA, au-gul-ta, a town built by Augustus on the Ibtrus, in Spain.
Cr:SABRA, ere-sar-e'-a. e. A town on Mount gaus, in Cappadocia, formerly Nasaca. Z. 4 caw town between Samaria and Galilee, was beautified by Herod 13 B.C. ; named in honour of Augustus, and became the capital of Palestine. 3. PHILIPPI, fikii-ifivi, a town of Palestine, at the S. base of Mount Hermon, built by Philip the Tetrarch 3 B.C. 4. A town on the N. coast of Africa. 5. Many small towns bore this name.