J ULIANUS, jh'-11-d-nus. 1. Son of Julianus Constantinus, generally spoken of as 7ulian the Apostate, and brother of Constantinus (I), bons A.D. 330, escaped the massacre which at tended the elevation of the latter's sons, and was privately reared with his brother Gallus in Christian principles, but is said to have secretly cherished Paganism. At 24 Julian went to Athens, and devoted himself to the study of magic and astrology ; and he was afterwards designated C erS a r by the emperor Constans, and set over Gaul, when he distinguished him self by prudence and valour in his numerous victories in Gaul and Germany, and by his mildness endeared himself to the troops, who, when Constans, jealous of his popularity, ordered him to send some of his forces to the East, mutinied, and by threats and entreaties compelled him to accept the imperial dignity ; and by the death, soon after, of Constans, he was left undisputed emperor, A.D. 361. Ju lian then avowed his hostility to Christianity, disestablished the Church, and used all the power of the empire to propagate Paganism. This apostasy has been attributed to the austerity with which the principles of Chris tianity were instilled into him, or to the con versations and eloquence of the Athenian phi losophers. After entering Constantinople, he continued the Persian war and set out against the barbarians, who retired before him, deso lating the country. After crossing the Tigris, he burnt his fleet and advanced without oppo sition ; but scarcity of provisions compelled him to retire from Assyria. !laving no fleet, he marched up to the sources of the Tigris, to imitate the Retreat of the Ten Thousand Greeks, and defeated the officers of King Sapor, of Persia, but in another engagement was wounded leading a charge, and died the following night, 363, having spent his last hours conversing with a philosopher on the immortality of the soul. Julian was studious,
frugal, virtuous, and merciful to his enemies.
He wrote MisefOgon (" beard-hater," a satire on the follies and debaucheries of his enemies), a history of Gaul, extant Efiistles, and the Casars (a satire on the Roman em perors from Julius Cmsar to Constantine), in which he abuses M. Aurelius (whom he had set for a pattern to himself) and Constantine. 2. See Mums.
Juno, a celebrated goddess, queen of heaven, called Hera by the Greeks, daughter of Saturn and Ops, and sister of Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c., was born at Argos (or Samos). She was devoured by Saturn (q.v.), and restored to the world when Metis gave him a potion to make him vomit the stone he had swallowed instead of Jupiter. Her brother Jupiter was'enamoured of her, and took the form of a cuckoo, which she sheltered in her bosom ; the god then assumed his proper form, and their nuptials were celebrated with great solemnity, all the deities, mankind, and the brute creation being present, ChelOne alone having refused to come, for which she was made a tortoise by Mercury, and condemned to perpetual silence. By her marriage she became the queen of the gods. She was very severe to Jupiter's illegitimate offspring (see