(h) As a separate reason for looking on the two sections outlined as the works of two differ cnt men is given the cumulative forcc of the oc currence of thc above lines of difference. Either thc literary, the historical, or the theological dif ferences alone would have pointed to the con clusion claimed by the advocates of the divisive theory. But thc concurrence of all thc consid erations above enumerated, it is said, adds to the force of each, separately taken, and gives the highest degree of probability to the conclusion.
There remains to be considered the third gen eral viczu of the integrity of Isaiah. This view has been elaborated since 1890 by Duhm (in Nowack's Handkommentar, 1892). Hackmann (Die Zukunftserwartung des Ies., 1893), and Cheyne (Introd. to the Book of Isaiah, 1895), also in Haupt's Sacred Books of the Old Testament, vol. Isaiah, 1898. In thc judgment of these schol ars, the book of Isaiah is neither the work of one man, nor that of two or three, but a compilation of fragments some of which are genuine and some date from as late a period as the second or even first century B. C. The rcasons alleged for this view are mainly slight differences of style and grammatical peculiarities, and apocalyptic con tact. These reasons have not, however, found favor among expert scholars. They are too sub jective and conjectural. Those who hold them seem often to imagine or create the difficulties which they are ostensibly determined to remove. In any case the theory of.a multiplicity of authors for Isaiah may be left to be discussed by ex perts at whose hands it is certain to receive the careful attention it may deserve.
4. Helps to the Study of Isaiah. (1) Com mentaries. Of the commentaries on the book of Isaiah, that by J. Addison Alexander (New York and London, 1846) is an almost exhaustive summary of the views propounded to the date of its publication, containing in a compact form the interpretations of all his predecessors, as well as those of the author himself. Of the com mentaries that have appeared since thc publication of this work, the most important are those of : Delitzsch (1866, 4th ed. 1889 ; Eng. tr. 1892). Nagelsbach (in Lange's Bible Work, 1877; Eng. tr. 1878). T. R. Birks (Book of Isaiah, 1878). T. K. Cheyne (Prophecies of Is. with COM. and App. 188o). Oreli (1887; Eng. tr. 1889). G. A. Smith (in the Expositor's Bible, vol. cc. x xxxix, i888; vol. 2, CC. X1-1XVI, 189o). A. Dill mann (in Kurzgeffosstes Ex. Handbuch zu dent Alt. Testam., i89o). Bernhard Duhm (in No wack's Handkommentar zu Alt. Testam., 1892). J. Skinner (in the Combr. Bible, 1806-98).
(2) Introductions and Critical Discussions. T. K. Cheyne, The Book of Isaiah Chronologic ally Arranged, etc., 187o; Introduction to the Book of Isaiah, 1895 ; G. Douglas, Isaiah One and His Book One, 1895 ; Kennedy, Arguntent for Unity of Isaiah, (3) Life and Times of Isaiah. A. H. Sayce, Life and Times of Isaiah, 18.83; S. R. Driver, Life and Times of Isaiah (Men of the Bible Se ries), i893; Sinker, Hezekiah and His Agc,1898.
A. C. Z.