On the north there were also two gates; and all the middle age writers speak of the principal of them as the gate of St. Stephen, from the no tion that the death of the protomartyr took place near it. This was also called the gate of Ephraim, in reference to its probable ancient name. Arabic writers called it Bab 'Amid el-Gliitrab, of which the present name, Bab eljAntud, is only a con traction. The present gate of St. Stephen is on the east of the city, and the scene of the martyr dom is now placed near it; but there is no ac count of the change. Further east was the gate of Benjamin (Porta Benjaminis), corresponding apparently to what is now called the gate of Herod.
On the east there seem to have been at least: two gates. The northernmost is described by Adamnanus as a small portal leading down to the valley of Jehoshaphat'. It was called the gate of Jehoshaphat, from the valley to which it led. It seems to be represented by the present gate of St. Stephen. The preseni: gate of St. Stephen has four lions sculptured over it on the outside, which, as well as the architecture, show that it existed before the present walls.
On the south side were also two gates. The easternmost is now called by the Franks the Dung-gate, and by the natives Bab el-Mugliaribeh. The earliest mention of this gate is by Brocard, about A. D. 1283, who regards it as the ancient Water-gate. Further west, between the eastern brow of Zion and the gate of David, the Cru saders found a gate which they call the gate of Zion, corresponding to one which now bears the same name.
Of the seven gates mentioned as still existing, three, the Dung-gate, the Golden Gate, and He rod's Gate, are closed. Thus there are only four gates now in use, one on each side of the town, all of which have been. enumerated. St. Stephen's, on the east, leads to the Mount of Olives, Bethany, and Jericho. Zion Gate, on the south side of the city, connects the populous quarter around the Armenian convent' with that part of Mount Zion which is outside the walls, and which is much resorted to as being the great field of Chris tian burial, as well as for its traditionary sanctity as the site of David's tomb, the house of Caiaphas, house of Mary, etc. The Jaffa Gate, on the west, tl-w termination of the important routes front Jaffa, Bethlehem, and Hebron. The Damascus Gate, on the north, is also planted in a vale, which in every age of Jerusalem must have been a great public way,and the easiest approach from Samaria and Galilee.
(3) Towers. The towers of Jerusalem are often mentioned in Scripture and in Josephus. Most of the towers mentioned by Josephus were erected by Herod the Great, and were, conse quently, Gtanding in the time of Christ. It was on these, therefore, that his eyes often rested when he approached Jerusalem, or viewed its walls and towers from the Mount of Olives. Of all these tow ers, the most important is that of Hippicus, which Josephus,. as we have already seen, assumed as the starting-point in his description of all the walls of the city. Herod gave to it the name of a friend who was slain in battle. It was a quad rangular structure,twenty-five cubits on each side, and. built up entirely solid to the height of thirty cubits. Above this solid part was a cistern twenty cubits ; and then, for twenty-five cubits more, were chambers of various kinds, with a breastwork of two cubits, and battlements of three cubits upon the top. The altitude of the whole tower was
consequently eighty cubits.
The above is the only tower which the his torian particularly mentions. But in describing the outer or third wall of Agrippa, he states that it had battlements of two cubits, and turrets of three cubits more; and as the wall was twenty cubits high, this would make the turrets of the height of twenty-five cubits or nearly thirty-eight feet. Many loftier and more substantial towers than these were erected on each of the walls at regulated distances, and furnished with every req uisite for convenience or defense. Of those on the third or outer wall are enumerated ninety; on the middle or second wall, forty; and on the inner or ancient wall, sixty.
(4) Public Buildings. The temple was in all ages the great glory and principal public building of Jerusalem, as the heathen temple, church, or mosque, successively occupying the same site, has been ever since the Jewish temple was destroyed. That temple is reserved for a separate afticle (see TEMPLE), and there are few other public edifices which require a particular description. Those most connected with Scripture history are the palace of Herod and the tower of Antonia. The former has already been noticed. In the time of Christ it was the residence of the Roman procurators while .in Jerusalem; and as such provincial residences were called by the Romans Prertoria, this was the prxtorium or judgment hall of Pilate (Matt. xxvii :27; Mark xv :16; John xviii:28). In front of the palace was the tribunal or 'judgment-seat,' where the procurator sat to hear and determine the causes; and where Pilate was seated when our Lord was brought before him. It was a raised pavement of mosaic work (XL06arpwrov), called in the Hebrew gabbatha, or 'an elevated place.' (See JUDGMENT HALL) The tower or castle of Antonia stood on a steep rock adjoining the northwest corner of the temple. It has already been mentioned that originated under the Maccabees, who resided in it. The name of Baris which it obtained was originally the Persian name of a royal palace; but which, according to Jerome (Epist. ad Prin cip. ii. 639), was afterwards adopted in Palestine, and applied to all the large quadrangular dwell ings built with turrets and walls. As improved by Herod, who gave it the name of Antonia, after his patron Mark Antony, this fortress had .all the extent' and appearance of a palace, being divided into apartments of every kind, with gal leries and baths, and also broad halls or barracks for soldiers; so that, as having everything neces sary within itself, it seemed a city, while in its magnificence it was a palace. At each of the four corners was a tower, one of which was seventy cubits high, and overlooked the whole temple with its courts. The fortress communi cated with the cloisters of the temple by secret passages, through which the soldiers could enter and quell any tumults, which were always ap prehended at the time of the great festivals. It was to a guard of these soldiers that Pilate re ferred the Jews, as a 'watch' for the sepulcher of Christ. This tower was also 'the castle' into which St. Paul was carried when the Jews rose against him in the temple, and were about to kill him; and where he gave his able and manly account' of his conversion and conduct (Acts xxi: 27-4o; xxii). This tower was, in fact, the citadel of Jerusalem.