(9) Textiles. Hemp (bust) is more commonly grown in Palestine than flax (kettan); and in favorable localities cotton (kotn) is cultivated, and also madder (fault, Rubio tinctorum) for dyeing.
14. ZoOlogy. Herds of black cattle are 110W but rarely seen in Palestine.
(1) The Ox. The ox in the neighborhood of Jerusalem is small and unsightly, and beef or veal is but rarely eaten. But on the Upper Jor dan, and in the vicinity of Tabor and Nazareth, and to the east of the Jordan on the way from Jacob's bridge to Damascus, the ox thrives better and is more frequently seen. The buffalo thrives upon the coast, and is there equal in size and strength to the buffalo of Egypt.
(2) Sheep and Goats. Sheep and goats are still seen in great numbers in all parts of the country: their flesh and milk serve for daily food, and their wool and hair for clothing. The common sort of sheep in Palestine manifest the tendency to form a fat and large tail. The long eared Syrian goat is furnished with hair of con siderable fineness, but seemingly not so fine as that of the same species of goat in Asia Minor.
(3) Fallow Deer. Of animals of the deer kind, Schubert saw only the female of the fal low deer, and this was in the same district in which Hasselquist also met with fallow deer, namely, on Mount Tabor.
(4) Antelope. On another occasion Schubert thought that he discovered deer upon the moun tain top; but, on a closer view, deemed it more probable that they were the native brown antelope (A. hinnuleus); for of the antelopes several spe cies are met with in the country. Camels are not reared to any extent worth mentioning.
(5) Horses and Mules. Palestine cannot boast of its native breed of horses, although fine ani mals of beautiful shape, and apparently of high Arabian race, are not unfrequently seen. The ass of the country scarcely takes higher relative rank than the horse; asses and mules are still, however, much used for riding, as they afford a means of locomotion well suited to the diffi cult mountain paths of the country.
(6) Other Animals. Boars (khanzie) arc very often observed upon Mount Tabor and the Lesser Hermon. as well as on the woody slopes of Mount Carmel. Among indigenous animals of the genus fclis, we may however name the com mon panther (nimr) which is found among the mountains of central Palestine; and in the genus colas there is the small Abut Ilhosseyn, or Canis fainclicus. and a kind of large fox (Canis Syriacus), which our traveler did not himself see, but supposed to be denoted by the word talcb. In addition to these is the jackal (dibb), which is very injurious to the flocks. The hyena (zabite) is found chiefly in the valley of the Jordan. and in the mountains around the lake of Tiberias, but is also occasionally seen in other districts of Palestine.
Bears have been killed in the Anti-Libanus, not far from Damascus. The hides had more re semblance to that of the common brown bear than to that of the bear described by Ehrenberg tinder the natne of Urszts Syriacus. A hedgehog
was procured near Bethlehem, which was found to resemble the comtnon European animal, and not to be the long-eared Egyptian species. The native arneb or hare is the same as the Arabian. The porcupine is frequently found in the clefts of the rocks.
(7) Birds. Among the larger birds of prey Schubert often saw the common cathartcs or vul ture (C. percnoptrrus), and the lzedy or kite. The native wild dove, called kimri, differs not perceptibly from our own species, which is also the case with the shrikes, crows, rollers, and other species found in Palestine.
(8) Serpents. Serpents are rare, and none of those which have been observed are poisonous.
(9) Insects. Among the insects the bee is the most conspicuous. Mosquitoes are somewhat troublesome, but not at the time of the year in which Schubert traveled. Beetles are abundant, and of various species, which our traveler does not enumerate, but which are illustrated and de scribed in Ehrenberg's Symbole Physiew.
15. Literature. From the almost innumer able works on Palestine a few of the more prom inent are herewith subjoined: Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, by Burckhardt (1822); Egypt, Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor, by Irby and Man gles (1822); Biblical Researches, by Robinson (1838-1841, and 1856); Lands of the Bible Visited and Described, by John Wilson 0847) ; Physical Gcograpizy of Palestine, by Robinson (1865); Ex pedition to the Dead Sea and Jordan, by Lynch (1849) ; Suzai and Palestine, by. Stanley (1857) ; The Land and tize Book, by Thomson 0859, and new edition, 188o) ; Narrative of a Jour ney through Syria and Palestine, by Van de Velde (1858 and 1865) ; Rob Roy on the Jordan, by Macgregor (187o); Land of Israel, by Tristram (1865) ; Natural History of the Bible, b-y Tristram (1867) ; Land of Moab, by Tristram (1873); Geography of Palestine, Ritter, translated by Gage (1866); Damascus and Giant Cities of Basilan, by Porter (1855 '865); Handbook of Syria and Palestine, by Mur ray (1875); Bible Educator, by Plumptre (1873 1875) ; Handbook of Syria and Palestine, by Baedeker (1876) ; Bible Lands, their Modern Cus toms, etc., by Van Lennep (1875) ; Quarterlies Palestine Exploration Fund (organized, 1865 188o) ; American Palestine Exploration Society's Statements (1871-1877); Our Work is: Palestine (1875); Through Bible Lands, by Schaff (1878); Tent-work in Palestine, by Conder (1878) ; Front Egypt to Palestine, by Bartlett (1879) ; Hand book to the Bible, by F. R. and C. R. Conder (1879) ; Sheet Maps and Memoirs of the Pales tine Exploration Fund (188o) ; Kitto's Pictorial History and Plzysical Geography of Palestine (1841); Schwarz, A Descriptive Geog. of Pales tine (185o); De Saulcy, Narrative of a Journey (1854).