(3) Superseded. It ultimately became super seded by the use of indigo, cochineal, etc., whence a cheaper and finer purple was obtained, and free from the disagreeable odor which attended that derived from shellfish (Martial, i, 5o, 32). The method of the ancients in preparing and applying it, and other particulars respecting its history, uses, and estimation, are most fully given by Pliny (Hist. Nat. ix. 36-42). The best modern books are Amati. De Restitutions 3d ed., Cesena, 1784; the treatise by Capelli, De Antigua ct Nupera Purpura, with notes ; and Don Michaele Rosa, Dissertazione delle porpore, etc., 1768. See also Dictionnaire des Sciences Natztrelles, tom. xliii. p. 219, etc.; Bochart, edit. Rosenmfiller, torn. iii, p. 675, etc; Heeren's His torical Researches, translated, Oxford. 1833, vol. ii. p. 85, etc.
2. Blue. (Heb. lek-ay'lelh), almost constantly associated with purple, occurs in Exod. XXV :4 ; xxvi :1. 4. 31, 36; xxvii :16 ; 15, 33, 37; xxxv :25; xxxvi ; xxxix :1-5. 22, 31; Num. iv :6, 7, 9, II, 12; XV :38 ; 2 Cliron. :7, 14 ; EStil. i :6 ; viii :15 ; Jer. x :9 ; Ezek. xxiii:6; xxvii:7, 24; Sept. generally bdtcivdos, baKcy Olvos, and in Ecclus. x1:4; xlv:to; t Macc. iv:23; and so Jose plots, Philo, Symmachus, Theo dotion, Vulgate, and Jerome.
(1) How Obtained. This color is supposed to have been obtained from 'another purple shellfish of the Mediterranean, the conchylium of the an cients, the Helix ianthina of Linnus (Syst. Nat. tom. i. part 7, p. 3645; and see Forskal's Descrip tio Animal. p. 127), called clii/zon by the ancient Jews. Thus the pseudo-Jonathan, in Deut. xxxiii: 19, speaks of the Zebulonites, who dwelt at the shore of the great sea, and caught chi/con, with whose juice they dye thread of a hyacinthine color. The Scriptures afford no clew to this color ; for the only passages in which it seems, in the En glish Version, to be applied to something that might assist our conceptions, are mistranslated, namely, 'The blueness of a wound' (Prow. xx:3o). and 'A blue mark upon him that is beaten' (Ecclus. xxiii :to), there being no reference to color in the original of either.
(2) Scripture References. The chief refer ences to this color in Scripture are as follows : The robe of the high-priest's epliod was to be all of blue (Exod. xxviii :31) ; so the loops of the
curtains to the tabernacle (xxvi:4) ; the riband for the breastplate (xxviii :28), and for the plate for the miter (ver. 37; comp. Eccles. xlv :to) ; blue cloths for various sacred uses (Num. iv: 6, 7, 9, II, 12) ; the people commanded to wear a riband of blue above the fringe of their gar ments (Num. xv :38) ; it appears as a color of fur niture in the palace of Ahasuerus (Esth. i :6), and part of the'royal apparel (viii:15):, array of the idols of Babylon (Jer. x :9) ; of the Assyrian no bles, etc. (Ezra xxiii :6 ; see Braunius, Dc Vestim, .
etc., 9 and 33; Bochart, tom. iii. p. 67o).
3. Crimson. (Heb, kar-meel'), occurs in 2 Chron. :7-14 ; Ili :14. This word is by some supposed to signify another kind of shellfish, yielding a crimson dye, so called because found on the shore near Mount Carmel.
4. Scarlet. Often associated with purple and blue.
(1) How Obtained. It is supposed to have been derived from the coccus, from which a blood red crimson dye was obtained. It was the fe male of this remarkable insect that was employed; and though supplanted by the cochineal (coccus cacti), it is still used for the purpose in India and Persia. It attains the size and form of a pea, is of a violet black color, covered with a whitish powder, adhering to plants, chiefly various spe cies of oak, and so closely resembling grains that its insect nature was not generally known for many centuries. According to Beckham, the epi thet vermiculatus was applied to it during the middle ages, when this fact'became generally under stood. and that hence is derived the word ver milion. Hence the Hebrew words mean both the coccus itself and the deep red or bright rich crimson which was derived from it (as in Cant. iv:3; 'thy lips are like a thread of scarlet') ;and so the word 'scarlet' signified in the time of our translators, rather than the color now called by that name, and which was unknown in the time of lames 1.
(2) Where Found. This insect is widely dis tributed over many of the southeastern countries of the ancient world. It occurs abundantly in Spain (Kirby and Spence, Introduction to Ento mology, 1828, vol. i. pp. 319-2o). It is found on the quercus coccifero, or kertnes oak, in Palestine Kitto's Physical History, p. 219). (See COL