A Photographic Pa Per
A Photographic Pa Per Factory. Fig. 30s Shows The Actual Plan Used In The Construction Of One Of The Largest Photo Graphic Factories In The World. It Consists Of A Large Building Divided Into Two Parts, Both Of Which, Although Not Absolutely Dark, Are Illuminated Only By A Minimum Of ...
Absorption Of Light
Absorption Of Light. It Is Of Importance To Understand That Of The Light Which Reaches A Photographic Plate Only A Portion Of It Is Absorbed, And Only A Fraction Of The Latter Is Concerned In The Chemical Change. A Portion Of The Light Is Reflected From The Plate, And Another ...
Accelerators
Accelerators. At One Time Ammonia Was The Accelera Tor Almost Universally Employed With The Pyro. Developer. It Has Many Good Points, Being Rapid In Action And Giving Excellent Detail. It Possesses, However, The Disad Vantage Of Tending To Produce Fog, Especi Ally In Cases Of Under-exposure ; Besides Which Its ...
Action Of Light On
Action Of Light On Potassium Bichilomate. If A Solution Of Potassium Or Ammonium Bichromate Be Poured Over A Sheet Of Paper, And Then Exposed To The Light, It Turns Brown On The Exposed Portion, The Protected Portion Remaining Reddish Yellow. Under The Influence Of The Light The Organic Matter Of ...
Additional Fixing Baths
Additional Fixing Baths. It Is Always A Good Plan To Have Two Baths Ready : So That When All The Prints Have Been Passed Into No. 1 Bath, Those That Were Placed There First May Be Trans Ferred To No. 2. This Ensures Proper Fixa Tion, And Prevents Overcrowding. In ...
Adjusting The Glasses
Adjusting The Glasses. A Peculiarity Of The Cooke Lens In Which It Differs From Others Is Its Capacity For Ad Necessary To Obtain Flatness Of Field And Freedom From Distortion Are Shown By Fig. 552. A Number Of Test Objects, Fastened On The Wall, Are In A Plane Normal To ...
Adjusting The Vignetter
Adjusting The Vignetter. The Printer, Having Placed The Negative In The Frame, Holds It Up To The Light To Adjust The Vignetter In Front Of It, So That The Negative Is Between It And His Eye. Should The Lights Appear Not To Spread Cotton Wool Over These Parts As Suggested ...
Advantages Of The Bromide
Advantages Of The Bromide Process. Of The Advantages Of The Process, None Possibly Exceed That Of Rapidity Of Produc Tion, And This Alone Would Have Made It A Popular One. It Is Possih'e To Make A Finished Print By This Process, Exclusive Of Retouching, In About Half An Hour ; ...
Advantages Of The Telephoto
Advantages Of The Telephoto Lens. By The Use Of A Telephoto Lens The Photo Grapher Is Enabled To Obtain A Magnified Image Of A Distant Object On The Ground Glass Screen Without An Abnormally Long Extension Of Camera. To Realise The Importance And Advantage Of The Telephoto Lens, The Two ...
Alum Bath
Alum Bath. The Following Bath Is One Which Is Often Omitted By Some Of The Most Particular Workers, And Yet Others Consider That It Is Almost Indispensable For Several Reasons. It Is Known As The Hardening Bath, And Is Best Made Up As Follows :—chrome Alum, 20 Grains ; Common ...
American Dry Plates
American Dry Plates. American Dry Plates Are Ready-sensitised Ferrotype Plates, And Require No Immersion In The Silver Bath. It Is This Class Of Plate Which Is Used In The Automatic Machines. One Of These, The " Quta," Was Illustrated The Hypo. Solution, And Allow It To Stand For A Couple ...
An Improvised Darr Room
An Improvised Darr-room. As A Rule The Amateur Has To Improvise A Dark-room By Blocking Out The Light From The Windows Of An Ordinary Apart Ment. This Is Effected By Making A Wooden Shutter To Fit The Frame Of The Window ; An Opening About 24 In. By 18 In., ...
Anastigmatic Lenses
_anastigmatic Lenses. The Group Of Anastigmats May He Roughly Divided Into Two Classes, The Unsymmetrical And The Symmetrical, The Latter Being Often Described As The Universal. Some Of The Various Com Binations Employed In Different Pat Terns Of Unsymmetrical Aliastigmats Are Mat Is Symmetrical, Or Nearly So, And Its Combinations ...
Apparatus For Keeping Temperature
Apparatus For Keeping Temperature Constant. Another Method Of Keeping Constant The Temperature Of Solutions Is By Means Tube With Tap, Such As Is Used In A Burette. This, However, Is Not Absolutely Necessary. The Arrangement Will Answer Very Well Without It, But If One Is At Hand By All Means ...
Application To Spectroscopic Phenomena
Application To Spectroscopic Phenomena. The Displacement Of The Hydrogen Line Is Explained By Precisely The Same Reason Ing, Only Here, Much Greater Velocities Are Dealt With. Since The Intrinsic Velocity Of Light, 186,330 Miles Per Second, Is The Same For All Colours, And The Wave-length At The Different Parts Of ...
Applying The Colouil
Applying The Colouil Commence By Using A No. 2 Brush. This Should Have A Good Spring, Which Should Be Tested For When Purchasing' It. On Pressing The Dry Point Back With The Finger, It Should Instantly Recover Its Shape. Have A Glass Of Water At Hand, And Allow The Brush, ...
Arrangement Of Base
Arrangement Of Base. The Middle Part Of The Base B (fig. 68) Measures In. By 8 In. Along The Two Longer Edges Of One Face Are Glued Two Strips Of Wood About In. Broad And Just A Shade Thicker Than The Wood Which Is To Be Used For The Part ...
Ascertaining The
Ascertaining The Focus Of A Lens. Fuller Particulars On Determining The Focus Of A Lens May He Useful. If A Number Of Parallel Rays Of Light Fall Upon The Sur Face Of A. Double-convex Lens, Striking It At An Angle, They Will Be Refracted Or Bent Towards The Centre Ray, ...
Atmospheric Perspective
Atmospheric Perspective. Most Landscapes Will Be Found To Con Tain A Foreground, Middle Distance, And Distance ; And, If These Are Carefully Ex Amined In The Actual View, It Will Be Seen That The Lights Are Brightest And The Shadows Heaviest In The Immediate Fore Ground ; That Neither The ...
Attachment Of Spectroscope To
Attachment Of Spectroscope. To Telescope. The Method Of Adapting The Spectro Scope To The End Of The Large Telescope For Solar Observation Is Shown By Fig. 805. The Collimator Is Attached To A Sliding Base Similar In Construction To The Metal Slide Rest Used With Lathes. The Base Is Capable ...
Automatic Ferrotype Camera
Automatic Ferrotype Camera The So-called Automatic Camera For Dry Ferrotype Plates Consists Practically Of A Magazine Camera Sliding Upon Rails, Under Hers, The Former Containing The Magazine It For Holding The Plates ; I And A Are Doors. Insert The Magazine A Through The Door I, And Bolt The Lid ...
Backgrounds
Backgrounds. The Choice Of Backgrounds For This Work Is Rather Limited, As, Generally Speaking, The Subjects Are Light, And Require A Dark Background To Bring Them Into Proper Relief. The Background, If On Canvas, Should Be Stretched On A Frame Or Weighted So As To Hang Free From All Folds ...
Balance
Balance. A Number Of Lines Should Not Be Allowed To Run In One Direction, Unless Balanced By Others Going In A Contrary Direction. A Good Example Of This May Be Given For The Sake Of Illustration In The Seated Figure Of Britannia On The Copper Coinage. By Referring To The ...
Benches And Shelves
Benches And Shelves. A Continuous Bench Should Be Run Round The Remainder Of The Room, Its Top Level With That Of The Sink, And Of A Width Which Must Be Settled By Circumstances—say, From Is To 24 In. This May Be Covered With Sheet Lead, Treated With Any Proof Varnish ...
Binding
Binding. The Two Glasses Are Now Taken Up 1 And Held In The Hand, Or Better Still, Placed In A Holder (see Fig. 452) And Bound Together With Black Paper, Which May Be Purchased Ready Gummed In Narrow And Press Well Into Contact With The Glass, Using A Soft Rag ...
Brewsters Stereoscope
Brewster's Stereoscope. Sir David Brewster, Observing Many Imperfections In The Reflecting Type Of Stereoscope, Turned His Attention To The Subject, And Presently Brought Forward His Great Improvement, The Lenticular Stereoscope, Which Is Shown By Fig. 8-12. Brewster Conceived The Idea That If The Principle Of Refraction Was Employed Instead Of ...
Calculation Of Conjugate
Calculation Of Conjugate Foci. Let A = The Distance Of Object From Lens, B = Distance Of Focussing Screen Or Image From Lens, And F = Focal Length Or Equivalent Focus Of Lens. Then 1 — 1 1 Or (a + = A H. F A If The Image Of ...
Care Of Lenses
Care Of Lenses. The Lens Is The Most Valuable And Deli Cate Part Of The Whole Photographic Outfit, And A Small Case Should Be Provided For It, To Prevent It Being Knocked About And To Protect It From The Dust. The Less Dusting A Lens Has Consistent With Cleanliness The ...
Care Of The Tripod
Care Of The Tripod Stand. The Tripod Will Want The Least Attention Of Any Part Of The Photographer's Appara Tus, And Save For An Occasional Rub With A Cloth On Which A Little Boiled Linseed Oil Has Been Applied, No Further Trouble Need Be Taken. Should The Sliding Part Work ...
Chalk Backgrounds
Chalk Backgrounds. Backgrounds Put In With Chalk Are The Most Effective, And Even If The Face Is Brush Tions Of Which] May Or May Not Ap Pear In The Enlargements, According To The Lighting, Exposure, Etc. In Any Case, The Picture Will Be Immensely Improved By Some Additions In This ...
Chemical Eeactions Of The
Chemical Eeactions Of The Cyanide Bath. The Exact Method Of Compounding The Bath Is Considerably More Important Than Might At First Appear. There Are Eertain Points To Consider, Which Must Be Carried Out With Equal Care In Various Baths. The First Of These Is That The Gold Must Be Added ...
Children And Animals
Children And Animals. Animals And Very Young Children Are Perhaps The Most Troublesome Models The Photographer Will Have To Deal With, And Both Require About The Same Amount Of Coaxing And Humouring. As Regards The First, These Will Only Be Dealt With Here Ni; Here The Subject Properly Touches On ...
Choice
Choice Or A Lens. The Single Lens Is The Cheapest, And A Good Single Lens Is Superior To A Poor Rapid Rectilinear. When Only One Lens Can Be Had, Choose The Rapid Rectilinear. If Two, The Rapid Rectilinear And The Wide Angle. It Is An Advantage, Where Only The Rapid ...
Choice Or Position
Choice Or Position. Before Setting Up The Camera A Careful Survey Should Be Made To Ascertain The Best Point Of View. It Is, Indeed, Better If A Preliminary Excursion Can Be Made To The Locality For The Purpose Of Noting Suitable Subjects, And Good Standpoints From Which To Take Them, ...
Chromosphere And Prominences
Chromosphere And Prominences. The Chromosphere, So Called On Account Of Its Colour, Is A Gaseous Envelope Three Or Four Thousand Miles Deep, Surrounding The Hotter Part Of The Sun. Like The Corona, It Can Be Advantageously Photo Graphed At The Time Of An Eclipse. It Gives Out A Rosy Light, ...
Cleaning The Plates
Cleaning The Plates. Whilst The Emulsion Has Been Filtering, The Plates Are Cleaned And Prepared Ready For Coating. For This Purpose, It Is Pos Sible To Use Old Negative Glasses ; That Is, Those From Which The Film Has Been Re Moved ; But It Is Far Better To Procure ...
Clearing The Bath
Clearing The Bath. A Variety Of Methods. Are Adopted For This Purpose ; The Best Is To Expose The Bath To Strong Daylight—sunlight If Pos Sible—for About A. Clay, When The Organic Matter Will Reduce A Small Portion Of The Silver, Which Falls To The Bottom Of The Vessel. The ...
Coating The Paper
Coating The Paper. When Filtered, The Albumen Should Be Poured Into A Flat Dish A Few Inches Larger Each Way Than The Paper To Be Treated, And Levelled Up By Means Of Three Wedges (see Fig. 256) So That An Even Layer Of Albumen Is Presented To The Print. There ...
Coating The Plate
Coating The Plate. Before The Emulsion Is Applied To The Plate, It Must Be Rendered Colour Sensi Tive, Or, As It Is Sometimes Called, Pan Chromatic ; This Is Clone By The Addition Of Certain Dyes. The Following Formula, Recommended By Dr. R. Ncuhauss, Of Berlin, Is Very Suitable:— Alcoholic ...
Coating The Plate With
Coating The Plate With Collodion. These Matters Settled, The Collodionisiug Of The Plate May Be Proceeded With. A Pool Is Poured In The Centre Of The Plate About One-third Its Area, And Flowed First To The Top Right-hand Corner, Then To The Top Left, Then To The Bottom Left, And ...
Coating The Plates
Coating The Plates. Plate Coating In Factories Is Done By Machinery, But In Experimental Work Hand Coating Will Answer Quite Well. It Is Pos Sible To Coat 60 Plates In An Hour By Hand, And, In Fact, Until About Fifteen Years Ago, The Majority Of The Work Was Done In ...
Combination Negatives
Combination Negatives However Carefully Combination Printing May He Done, There Is Always The Danger Of The Prints Being Unequal, And That The Exact Contrast Of Tone May Not Be The Same In Several Prints Taken From The Same Negative. The Best Plan, Theoreti Cally, Is To Combine The Pictures On ...
Commercial Mounts
Commercial Mounts. By The Term Commercial Is Meant Those Mounts Which Are Obtainable Ready For Use From The Photographic Dealers, As Distin Guished From The Various Home-made Com Binations Of Tinted Papers And Boards. There Are Two Distinct Kinds Of Commercial Mounts—namely, The Paste-down And The Slip-in. In The First, ...
Comparison Of Spectra
Comparison Of Spectra. When Once A Spectrum Has Been Cali Brated, It Can Be Used For Calibrating Others Obtained From The Same Prism If Some Method Be Adopted For Placing The Same Side By Side Without Any Relative Displacement. This Is Very Conveniently Done By Covering One-half Of The Slit ...
Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks. No Attempt Has Been Made In This Chap Ter To Deal With Every Variety Of Camera And Accessory ; These Are So Numerous And So Diverse In Action That The Subject Would Require A Volume To Itself If Treated Exhaustively. The Main Principles Of Camera Construction, And The ...
Concluding Remarks On Reduction
Concluding Remarks On Reduction. There Is Rather More Risk In The Process Of Reduction Than In That Of Intensification, And Greater Care Is Therefore Necessary On The Part Of Thd Operator. If A Negative Is Over-intensified, It Can, As A Rule, He Brought Back To Its Former Condition ; But ...
Concluding Remarks_2
Concluding Remarks. It Must Not Be Thought That The Stereoscope Is Merely An Entertaining Toy. Science Has Succeeded In Turning It To Account For Varied Purposes. In As Tronomy, An Adaptation Of The Instrument Is Used To Determine The Distance And Con In Fig. 858. On Turning The Handle At ...
Concluding Remarks_3
Concluding Remarks. Mist And Haze Are The Great Foes Of Successful Telephotographic Work And Are Not Always Easy To Detect. An Isochromatic Screen To Cut Off Only The Ultra Violet And Violet-blue Rays, With Out Reducing The Brilliancy Of The Rest Of The Spectrum, Will Often Enable A Slight Haze ...
Continuing Action Of Light
Continuing Action Of Light. The Action Set Up By Light In A Colloid Substance When Impregnated With Chromic Salts Continues In A Less Degree Even After The Substance Is Removed From The Light ; That Is To Say, A Print Exposed For A Part Of The Proper Time And Then ...
Control Of Contrast By
Control Of Contrast By Development. Within Certain Narrow Limits The Con Trasts Of A Platinotype Print May Be Con Trolled By Modification Of The Developer. For Example, If A Solution Of Potassium Oxalate Only Is Used, Development Takes Place On The Shadows And On The Lights More Equally, Resulting In ...
Conveniences For Travelling
Conveniences For Travelling. The Landscape Photographer Is Fre Quently, When At A Distance From Home, Desirous Of Some Convenient Method Of Changing Plates. In Such Cases, A Chang Ing Bag, Of The Type Shown By Fig. 641, Will Prove Very Useful. As Will Be Seen, The Arms Are Introduced Through ...
Cooling Or Precipitating
Cooling Or Precipitating. When The Boiling Has Proceeded Suffi Ciently Far. The Vessel Containing The Emul Sion Is Set Aside In A Dark Cupboard To Solidify And Ripen (by Ripening Is Meant The Increase Of Speed Which Results From Keeping); Or It May Be Precipitated Imme Diately By The Use ...
Copying Old And Faded
Copying Old And Faded Photographs. The Chief Difficulty In Photographing A Faded Print Is The Obtaining Of Sufficient Contrast. Not Only Has The Image Be Come Lighter, But The Paper, Which Ought To Be White, Has Become Yellow, And This Yellow. Showing Dark In The Print, Will, With The Faded ...
Cords And Rings
Cords And Rings If The Picture Is To Be Hung, Small Rings Are Screwed In At The Back. The Position Of These Rings Is Shown In Fig. 416. The Cord Is Passed Through Both Rings, And The Two Ends Tied Together At The Back, As Shown, When The Length Of ...
Correcting For Chromatic Aberration
Correcting For Chromatic Aberration. The Amount Of Correction Required Is Measured By Fixing A Graduated Arc On The Base Board At The Back Of The Camera, And Attaching A Small Pointer To The Handle Of The Fine Adjustment Rod (fig. 734). The Object Is Carefully Focussed On The Screen, And ...
Curvature Of Field
Curvature Of Field. One Difficulty Inseparable From The Spherical Form In Which Lenses Are Ground Has Already Been Dealt With, Namely, Spherical Aberration. There Is, However, Another. The Image Of A Flat Object Is Not Formed On A Plane Or Flat Surface, But On A Curved One ; Thus It ...
Cutting The Printing Paper
Cutting The Printing Paper. It Is Customary To Purchase All Papers Except Albumen In Cut Sizes, So That In Structions For Cutting Albumen Paper Will Be Required. It Must Be Borne In Mind That As A Full Sheet Of Gelatine-chloride Paper Is 14 In. Longer And 4 In. Narrower, It ...
Determining Position Of Stops
Determining Position Of Stops. The Practical Method Of Determining The Distance From The Lens At Which To Place The Stop Is To Cut A Length Of Cardboard Tubing, And In It Fix The Lens By Springing In The Tube A Wire Ring To Form A Shoulder For The Lens To ...
Developing
Developing. In Development, The Paper, On Coming From The Frame, Is Lowered, Face Down, Quickly And Evenly, Into A Hot Saturated Solution Of Potassium Oxalate, And De Velopment Is Instantaneous. There Is Little Or No Control Possible Beyond Al Terations Made To The Developer Before Hand. The Developed Prints Are ...
Developing Without A Dark Room
Developing Without A Dark-room. The Necessity Of A Dark-room For De Veloping Purposes Has Long Been Insist-ed Upon, But It Has Now Been Demonstrated That Plates And Films May Be Successfully Dish Under The Cover Of A Focussing Cloth Or Changing Bag, So That Light May Not Reach It Until ...
Developing The Negative Film
Developing The Negative Film. Faller A Long Dish May Be Used, As Illus Trated By Fig. 199 (p. 123), Or The Film May Be Wound, Gelatine Side Outward, Round A Wooden Frame, As Shown On Page 121, And Immersed In • A Suitably Large Tank Holding The Developer. Each End ...
Developing The Transfer
Developing The Transfer A Rather Deep Zinc Tray Is Useful For Soaking The Paper After Inking-up. When The Inked Transfer Has Been In The Water For About A Quarter Of An Hour It Is Taken Out And Placed On A Sheet Of Glass Or Other Flat Surface, The Superfluous Mois ...
Development After Fixing
Development After Fixing. The Plate Is Fixed In Hypo. For About 10 The Handle N, The Whole Length Of Film Is Gradually Unrolled, From Off The Spool At C On To The Roller G In Compartment E, So That The Solution Has Access To It, The Film Being Ingeniously Arranged ...
Development Exposure
Exposure, Development, Fixing, Etc. Place The Plate On The Wires (fig. 160) Of The Dark Slide And Insert The Same Very Gently In The Camera, Drawing Out The Slide Shutter With Great Care To Avoid Dust, And After Exposure Close In The Same Way : Return To The Tent And ...
Development Exposure_2
Exposure, Development, Etc. Screens Or Colour Filters Of The Three Correct Tints Are Obtainable, Generally Consisting Of Thin Stained Films Of Gelatine Or Collodion, Enclosed Between Two Glasses. The Exposure Has To Be Care Fully Proportioned, So That Each Colour Receives A Due Amount Of Time. Mr. A. Watkins Suggests ...
Development Of Cristoid Films
Development Of Cristoid Films. The Sandell Cristoid Film Possesses Several Special It Is Made Up Of Two Distinct Layers Of Emulsion, Of Different Speeds, And Consists Of Gelatine Alone Without Any Support Or Base. The Com Bination Of A Slow And A Rapid Emulsion Allows Great Latitude Of Exposure, And ...
Development Of The Collotype
Development Of The Collotype Plate This Simply Consists Of Washing Out The Soluble Or Unexposed Portions In Cold Water. The Plate Should Be Kept In Gently Running Water, Or Given Occasional Changes, For About Two Hours, It Being Necessary To Remove All The Bichromate. By This Time The Image Will ...
Development Of The Stereoscopic
Development Of The Stereoscopic :negative. The Development Of Stereoscopic Plates Being Similar In Treatment To Any Ordinary Dry Plate, It Is Only Necessary To Say That Uniformity, When Two Separate Plates Are In Use, Should Be Aimed At. Over-develop Ment Is To Be Preferred To Under-develop Ment. A Thin Negative ...
Diaphragms Stage And Sub Stage
Stage And Sub-stage Condensers, Diaphragms, Etc. The Bull's-eye Condenser Cannot Be Used Alone For Illumination When High Powers Are Employed : For These Some Form Or Stage Or Substage Condenser Has To Be Employed. The Stage Condenser (fig. 703) Is Mounted In A Sleeve Which Slides Into The Tube Below ...
Difficulty Of Explaining Reversal
Difficulty Of Explaining Reversal. It Must Be Confessed That It Is Extremely Difficult To Attempt To Explain, From Either • A Chemical Or Physical Point Of View, The Various Facts Underlying Reversal. It Is Very Probable That The Prolonged Exposure Necessary To Produce Solarisation Is More Photo-chemical In Its Behaviour ...
Diffraction Spectra
Diffraction Spectra. No Solid Advance Was Made In Accurate Measurement Of The Wave-lengths Of Light As Long As Prisms Alone Had To Be Used For Producing Spectra. The Fact That The Light Must Penetrate The Glass Makes The Results Dependent On The Material. No Tice The Simplicity Of The Laws ...
Direct Stereoscopic Projection
Direct Stereoscopic Projection. In All The Foregoing Methods Of Stereo Scopic Projection, Whether Merely Of Still Subjects Or Those Of An Animated Nature, It Has Been Shown That Some Kind Of Intermediate Aids In The Inspection Of The Projected Pictures Have To Be Used By The Observer. Obviously These Conditions ...
Directions Foe Using Gas
Directions Foe Using Gas Furnaces. The Following Directions Arc Given By The Manufacturers For Working These Fur Naces: A Large Unobstructed Supply Pipe Gas Is Unobtainable, The Furnace May Be Worked At A Lower Heat By Partially Closing The Top Of The Chimney Until The Flame Becomes Visible, Or By ...
Dishes
Dishes. The Size Of The Developing Dish Depends On That Of The Plate To Be Used, Although Several Small Plates May Be Developed In Side For Raising The Plate When It Is De Sired To Remove It For Examination : Another Form, Which Enjoyed Considerable Patronage At One Time, Is ...
Dishes_2
Dishes. The Larger The Number Of Dishes Avail Able, The More Readily And Conveniently Can The Work Be Carried Out. The Dimen Sions Will Depend On The Size Of The Plates Generally Used, And The Extent To Which Toning, Enlarging, And Similar Operations Beforehand. The Best Way To Do This ...
Distance From Camera
Distance From Camera. At First Thought It Might Appear That The Farther The Object Is From The The Greater The Exposure Required, But In Actual Practice The Reverse Is Found To Be The Case, For The Particles Of Matter Sus Pended In The Air Cause The Light To Be Independently ...
Distinctness Of Image
Distinctness Of Image. The Slit Must Be Narrowed Until The Image Is Only A Fine Line, Or, In The Best Thick Iron Wire Dipped Into A Mixture Of Salt And Hydrochloric Acid In The Flame Of A Bunsen Burner. Put The Telescope In Line With The Collimator. The Former Has ...
Dodging
Dodging. This Is Clone In The Same Way As Described In The Section On Preparation Of The Nega Tive For Printing, Except That The Shade Card Must Be Cut Out And Attached To The Frame With Drawing-pins. This Is Then Covered With Tissue Paper, And Exposed (the Extra Exposure Required ...
Doppler S Principle
Doppler' S Principle. Suppose A Source Of Sound, A Whistle For Example, Is Giving Out A Note Of A Certain Number Of Vibrations Per Second. If It Be U" The Frequency Will Be About 1,536. The Velocity Of This Disturbance Would Be 330 M. Per Second. It Has Been Proved ...
Doubles And Trebles
Doubles " And " Trebles." These Ingenious Arrangements, In Whicl The Same Person Is Seen Talking To, Drink Ing, Or Playing Cards With Himself, Are Managed As Follows : A Square Wooder Tube Is Made With An Opening The Sarm Size As The Glass Of The Focussing Screen. And As ...
Duration Of Exposure
Duration Of Exposure. A Print From An Average Negative, Upon Elliott's Platino - Matt Bromide Paper, Which Is A Very Suitable One For A. Beginner, Should Have An Exposure Of About. Six Seconds ; Using A No. 5 Bray's Gas Burner. Remove Card, And Give Three Seconds Again. Then The ...
Early History Of Photography
Early History Of Photography Photography May Be Described As The Offspring Of Optics And Chemistry. If The Camera Obscura Had Not Been Ready To Hand, To Cast A Miniature Picture On The Sensitive Plate Or Film, The Discovery Of The Actinic Power Of Light On Certain Substances Would Have Been ...
Eclipse System Of Stereoscopic
Eclipse System Of Stereoscopic Projection. To The Same Inventor Is Due The Con Ception, In 1558, Of The Eclipse System Of Stereoscopic Projection, Which Is Carried Out In The Following Manner. The Two Elements Forming The Stereoscopic Pair Are Made Into Positive Transparencies And Placed Respectively In The Two Lanterns ...
Effect Of Fineness Of
Effect Of Fineness Of Ruling. The Extent Of The Diffraction And The Distance Of The Spectra From The Image Of The Central Slit Depend Upon The Fine- I! Ness With Which The Screen Is Ruled, Which Fact Is Turned To Advantage, As Will Now Be Shown. If A Small Hole ...
Effects Of Dyes On
Effects Of Dyes On Sensitive Films. In Dr. H. W. Vogel, Of Berlin, Found That When Films Were Treated With Certain Aniline And Other Dyes, The Plate Showed An Increased Sensitiveness To Those Portions Of The Spectrum Which The Dye Was Capable Of Absorbing. Dyes Which Acted In This Manner ...
Effects Of Fog
Effects Of Fog. Perhaps The Most Important Considera Tion In This Connection Is That Of Fog. Used To Soften Gradations And To Strengthen Detail, And As Such Is A Valuable Adjunct. How Fog May Be Utilised. Suppose Two Plates Have Been Exposed For Precisely The Same Time, And Are Under ...
Electric Light
Electric Light. The Most Convenient And Satisfactory System Of Artificial Lighting For The Studio Noted As A Serious Source Of Additional Expense, And, Whatever May Be Main Tained To The Contrary By Its Partisans, The Results Obtained Cannot Be Advan Tageously Compared With Those Taken By Daylight. For All That, ...
Emarks On Foregoing Tables
Emarks On Foregoing Tables. It Will Be Seen From These Tables That There Is No Advantage To Be Derived, Other Than That Of Increased Magnification, By Limit Of Useful Magnification. For Micrography The " Projection " Eyepieces Using An Eyepiece Of High Magnifying Power ; It Simply Magnifies The Image ...
Emulsions Ripened With Ammonia
Emulsions Ripened With Ammonia. Fairly Rapid Plates May Be Made Without Employing The Boiling Process At All, By Treating Them With Ammonia. Such Plates, Although Not Extremely Sensitive, Are Con Siderably Quicker Than Collodion Plates. They May Be Prepared By Treatment At A Temperature Of About 1000 F., Or The ...
Engraving And Trimming
Engraving And Trimming. After Etching, The Plate Is Passed To The Engraver For The Removal Of Any Black Spots, For The Making Of White Lines, And For Putting In High Lights, Etc. It Is In The Engraver's Power To Improve The Result Greatly Where The Requisite Time And Labour Is ...
Enlarged Negatives
Enlarged Negatives. These May Be Made With The Apparatus Already Described, By Placing Suitable Rails Across The Easel To Carry The Plate As Shown In Fig. 4-16 ; The Method Of Procedure In All Other Respects Being Pre Cisely Similar. Of Course, The Exposure, Being Upon A Plate Instead Of ...
Enlarged Negatives By The
Enlarged _negatives By The Wet Collodion Process. The Most Satisfactory Method, However, Of Producing A Big Negative When A Carbon Enlargement Is To Be Made (and The Method Employed By All Professional Workers) Is As Follows: From The Small Negative A Carbon Print Is First Made On Special Transparency Tissue, ...
Enlargements
Enlargements. The Instructions Here Given Apply Also To The Production Of Enlargements (see Also Section Dealing With That Sub Ject), The Only Difference Being In The Method Of Exposure. Very Large Pic Tures Have To Be Dealt With In A Special Manner. The Panoramic View Of The Bay Of Naples, ...
Enlarging Artificial Lightout
Enlarging Artificial Light Out A Lantern. Fig. 447 Shows An Arrangement For Making Either Enlarged Negatives Or Prints Without An Enlarging Lantern. In The Bottom Of A Lidless Box ..nt Cut An Opening 4i In. By In. ; Fit Grooves A A Top And Bottom, To Carry The Negative B ...
Enlarging Cameras
Enlarging Cameras. An Enlarging Camera Is Practically Corn Posed Of Three Parts Connected By An Extra Length Of Bellows. The Term Is Generally Applied To Apparatus Intended For Use With Daylight ; Although Occasion Ally A Camera Of This Descrip Tion May Be Adapted For Use With Artificial Light. Fig. ...
Enlarging Without A Condenser
Enlarging Without A Condenser. Very Satisfactory Results May Be Ob Tained When The Negatives Are Good And Do Not Require Dodging, But Enlarging By Such Means Is Only A Makeshift. The Best Plan Is That Shown In Fig. 436, Where Two Lamps, A, Are Used To Secure Even Illumination, And ...
Enlarging And Copying
Enlarging And Copying. Tt Has Been Stated That A Pinhole May Be Used For Copying And Enlarging, And For Such Work The Smallest Pinhole, About Of An Inch, Should Be Used, And The Focus Considered As Some Round Number, Which May, For Convenience Sake. Be Taken As The Nearest Whole ...
Estimating Exposures
Estimating Exposures. In View Of The Large Number Of Factors, And The Many Sub-divisions Of Each, It Would Be Extremely Difficult To Devise A Scheme For Estimating Exact Exposures, And But For The Fact That All Plates Allow A Cer Tain Latitude Of Error It Would Be Im Possible. Latitude, ...
And Rules For Lighting
Types Of Face, And Rules For Lighting. The Sitter Should Be Carefully And Tact Fully Studied Before Determining On The Pose And Method Of Lighting To Be Adopted. Yearly Every Person Has One Side Of His Or Her Face More Pleasing Than The Other, And That Side Should Obviously Be ...
And Zambex Cornex
Cornex," And " Zambex." Beck's " Telephoto Corner " Hand Camera Is Available For Use In The Ordinary Manner, While By Means Of An Instantly Adjusted Extension, Shown Open Which Are Placed In The Magazine In A Pack, Just As Received From The Makers, And, By An Ingenious Changing System ...