1. Sciurus, squirrel.
2. Glis, dormouse (Myoxus, Linn.) 3. Mus, mouse and rat.
4. Marmota, marmot.
5. Cavia, guinea-pig.
6. Lepus, hare and rabbit.
7. Jaculus, jerboa.
8. Castor, beaver.
9. Hystrix, porcupine.
VI. Perm, predaceous and carnivorous animals. Very strong and large pointed canine teeth : molares forming pointed prominences ; short and simple alimen tary canal, and consequently slender belly.
1. Erinaceus, hedgehog.
2. Sorex, shrew.
3. Talpa, mole.
4. Metes, badger.
5. Ursus, bear.
6. Didelphis, opossum, kanguroo.
7. Viverra, weasels, ferret, polecat, civit.
8. Mustela, skunk, stoat, &c.
9. Canis, dog, wolf, jackal, fox, hyena.
10. Fells, cat, lion, tiger, leopard, lynx, panther, &c.
11. Lutra, otter.
12. PhQca, seal or sea-calf.
The five first genera of this order form the plantigrada of Cuvier ; animals which rest the whole of the foot on the ground. They are less carnivorous than the others; have a longer intestinal canal, and no cmcum.
The sixth genus forms the Pedimana of the same zoologist ; as they possess a separate thumb on the hind extremities only. They have a pouch in the abdo men, containing the mamma, and holding the young in their early state. One spe cies, the kanguroo, (didelphis gigantea) must however be excepted. That is placed among the rodentia, and does not possess the separate thumb.
The order carnivora of Cuvier will in clude from the seventh to the eleventh genus, both inclusive. These have a bone in the penis. The seal belongs to this amphibia.
In the three following orders the toes are so incased in horny coverings, that they can only serve to support the body in standing or progression. As these ani mals all feed on vegetables, the intestines are very long, and the belly consequently large.
VII. Solidungula (solipeda, Cuvier,) a single toe on each foot, with an undivid ed hoof; a small and simple stomach, but large intestines, and particularly an enor mous =cum; incisores in both jaws; mam mas in the groin, as in the pecora.
1. Equus, horse and ass.
VIII. Pecora or Bisulca (ruminantia of Viii. Pecora or Bisulca (ruminantia of Cuvier,) a divided hoof. No incisores in the upper jaw, where their place is sup plied by a callous prominence ; stomach consisting of four cavities ; rumination of the food ; long intestines. Their fat be comes hard and brittle when cold. The mamma are placed between the posterior extremities. The penis of the male has no bone.
1. Camelus, camel, dromedary, lama 2. Capra, sheep, goat.
3. Antilope, antelope, chamois.
4. Bos, ox, buffalo.
5. Giraffa, giraffe or camelopard.
6. Cervus, elk, deer-kind.
7. Moschus, musk.
IX. Beaux, animals of an unshapely form, and a tough and thick hide ; whence they have been called, by Cuvier, pachy dermata (from thick, and hoccs skin.) They have more than two toes : incisores in both jaws, and in some cases enormous tusks ; mamma extend under the belly, where they are numerous.
1. Sus, pig kind, pecari, babiroussa.
2. Tapir.
3. Elephas.
4. Rhinoceros.
5. Hippopotamus.
6. Trichecus, morse or walrus, ma nati or sea-cow.
The last genus of this order, together with the foca (seals) constitutes the Amphibia of Cuvier. These animals have short members adapted for swimming.
X. Cetacea,whales, living entirely in the sea, and formed like fishes ; breathe by an opening at the top of the head, called the blowing hole ; through which they throw out the water, which enters their mouth with the food ; smooth skin covering a thick layer of oily fat ; no external ear ; a complicated stomach ; multilobular kid ney s ; larynx of a pyramidal shape, open ing towards the blowing hole ; testes with in the abdomen ; mamtnz at the sides of the vulva ; bones of the anterior extremity concealed and united by the skin, so as to form a kind of fin ; no posterior extremi. ties ; teeth which retain their prey, but do not masticate, and instead of which there are sometimes layers of a horny substance called whalebone.
1. Monodon, narwhal, sea-unicorn 2. Balxna, proper whale.
3. Physeter.
4. Delphinus, dolphin, porpoise.
Cuvier distributes the class mammalia into three grand divisions : 1. Those which have claws or nails (mammifdres a ongles :) includ ing the following orders : bima na, quadrumana, cheiroptera, plantigrada, carnivore, pedima na, rodentia, edentata, tardi grada.
2. Those which have hoofs (mam mif. a ongles) including the pa chydermata, ruminantia, and so lipeda.
3. Those which have extremities adapted for swimming (mammif. a pieds en nageoire.) Amphibia and cetacea.
Birds are oviparous ; have a single ovary and oviduct ; a single occipital condyle ; very numerous cervical vertebrae; a very large sternum ; and anterior extremities adapted for flying, the posterior only being used for walking.
They have three eyelids ; no external ear ; a bone in the tongue ; a cochlea coni cal, but not spiral ; a single ossiculum au dints ; body covered with feathers. The lungs are attached to the surface of the chest, and penetrated by the air, which goes all over the body ; no diaphragm ; there is a larynx at each end of the tra chea ; no epiglottis ; the jaws are covered with a horny substance, and are both moveable ; there are no lips, gums, nor teeth ; the chyle is transparent ; no me senteric glands, nor omentum ; no blad der of urine, the ureters terminating in a bag, through which the eggs and faeces come, viz. the cloaca ; the pancreas and liver have both several ducts entering the intestine ; spleen in the centre of the me sentery.
This class cannot be distributed into or ders so clearly distinguished by anatomi cal characters as the preceding one. Blu menbach divides them into two leading divisions.