Secondly. Another way is to project the same hemispheres by the rules of stereographic projection; in which way, all the parallels will be represented by circles, and the meridians by circles or right lines. And here the contrary fault happens, tie. the circles towards the out sides are too far asunder, and about the middle they are too near together.
Thirdly. To remedy the faults of the two former methods, proceed as follows: 1st. For the eastern and western hemi spheres, describe the circle PENQ for the meridian (Plate Maps, fig. 1.) or plane of projection ; through the centre of which draw the equinoctial, E Q, and axis, PN, perpendicular to it, making P and N the north and south pole. Divide the quadrants P E, EN, N Q, and Q P, into 9 equal parts, each representing 10 degrees, beginning at the equinoctial E Q: divide also C P and C N into 9 equal parts, beginning at B Q ; and through the corresponding points draw the parallels of latitude. Again, divide C E and C Q into 9 equal parts; and through the points of division, and the two poles P and N, draw circles, or rather ellipses, for the meridians. So shall the map be prepared to receive the several places and countries of the earth. 2dly. For the north or south hemisphere, draw A Q 11 E, for the equinoctial (fig. 2). dividing it. into the flmr quadrants E A, A Q, Q B, and D E; and each quadrant into 9 equal parts, representing each 10 degrees of longi tude ; and then, from the points of divi sion, draw lines to the centre, C, for the circles of longitude. Divide any circle of Inngitude, as the first meridian, EC, into 9 equal parts, and through these points describe circles from the centre, C, for the parallels of latitude ; numbering them as in the figure.
In this third method equal spaces on the earth are represented by equal spaces on the map, as near as any projection will hear; fur a spherical surface can no way be represented exactly upon a plane. Then the several countries of the world, seas, islands, sea-coasts, towns, &c. are to be entered in the map, according to their latitudes and longitudes.
In filling up the map, all places repre senting land are filled with such things as the countries contain; but the seas are left white; the shores adjoining to the sea being shaded. Rivers are marked by
strong lines, or by double lines, drawn winding in form of the rivers. they repre sent; and small rivers are expressed by small lines. Different countries are best distinguished by different colours, or at least the borders of them. Forests are represented by trees ; and mountains shaded to make them appear. Sands are denoted by small points or specks ; and rocks under water by a small cross. In any void space, draw the mariner's com pass, with the 32 points or winds.
To draw a Map of any particular Coon.
try. First. For this purpose its extent must be known, as to latitude and longi tude; assuppose Spain, lying between the north latitudes 36 and 44, and extending from 10 to 23 degrees of longitude ; so that its extent from north to south is 8 degrees, and from east to west 13 de grees. Draw the line A B for a meridian passing through the middle of the coun try (fig. 3.), on which set off 8 degrees from B to A, taken from any convenient scale ; A being the north, and B the south point. Through A and 11 draw the perpendiculars CD, El', for the ex treme parallels of latitude. Divide A B into 8 parts, or degrees, through which draw the other parallels of latitude, paral lel to the former. For the meridians, divide any degree in A B into 60 equal parts, or geographical miles. Then, since the length of a degree in each paral lel decreases towards the pole, from the talele, Art. LONGITUDE, showing this decrease, take the number of miles an swering to the latitude of B, which is 481 nearly, and set it from 13, 7 times to E, and 6 times to F; so is divided into degrees. Again, from the same table take the number of miles of a degree in the latitude nearly ; which set off, from A, 7 times to C, and 6 times to Ix Then from the points of division in the line C D, to the corresponding points in the line E V, draw so many right lines for the meridians. Number the degrees. of latitude up both.sides of the map, and the degrees of longitude on the top and bottom. Also, in some vacant place, make a scale of miles, or of degrees, it the map represent a large part of the earth, to serve for finding the distances of places upon the map.