The Distribution of Manufacturing in the United com parison of Figs. 35, 82, and 83 shows that the following eight areas can be differentiated according to the amount and nature of their manu facturing and the degree to which they seem fitted for industrial devel opment: (1) a great manufacturing area along the North Atlantic coast from Maine to Maryland, or more specifically from Portland to Baltimore; (2) an almost equally important westward expansion of industrial activity from the North Atlantic coast approximately to the Mississippi River, chiefly in the Lake States, but extending to St. Louis, St. Paul, and Minneapolis; (3) a minor southward expansion evident in the cotton manufacturing of the Carolinas, and Georgia, the iron industry of Alabama, the sugar refining of Louisiana, and the tobacco factories of Florida; (4) a tendency toward westward expansion in Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, and Utah; (5) an important new area of industrial development along the Pacific coast; (6) a region of slight industrial development in the northern Great Plains and Rockies; (7) a similar region in the southern Great Plains and Rockies; and (8) a region of slight development in the lower Mississippi Valley and southern portion of the Appalachian Plateau.
The Types of Industry in Different Parts of the Country.—Another evidence that the various parts of the country vary greatly in their adaptation to manufacturing is found in the kinds of industries in dif ferent regions. In Chapter XV all industries were divided into three groups: (1) primitive, (2) simple, and (3) complex. The primitive, or home and hand industries may here be omitted. The simple industries, it will be remembered, are primarily those which prepare local raw materials for market, and in which the raw materials pass through only a few simple processes. For example, cotton ginning is the main simple industry connected with cotton, although the pressing of the seeds for oil falls in the same class. Cotton spinning is somewhat complex because it begins with a product that is already partially manufactured. The making of cotton dress goods with highly varied colors and patterns and perhaps with an intermixture of wool or silk isi a higher and far more complex stage of the cotton industry. The table on page 366 gives a list of enough simple industries to suggest what they are like and how they are distributed in the United States. Part of the products at the heads of the columns are finally consumed in the form given them by the first simple process of manufacturing. This is usually true of artificial stone, butter, canned goods, cement, char coal, and most of the products in the table. But the pig iron made in blast furnaces is almost wholly used as material for more complex manu facturing, such as the making of steel rails, bridge girders, engines, watches, and hundreds of other products. Butter, flour, and peanuts may be used in the complex manufacturing of bakery and confectionery products; grindstones may be used in the complex work of tool making; lime in the highly complex chemical industries; and lumber in complex furniture making. Thus the simple industry is the first step in pre
paring a product for market. It may also be the last step, as in the case of many food products and building materials.
In the table a cross indicates that the given product was made in the indicated state in sufficient quantities to be listed separately in the cen sus of 1914. Notice how some articles like flour- and grist-mill products are made in every state, others like ice in every state except a few where some natural condition makes them unnecessary, and still others like canned fish, fertilizer, and shelled peanuts, in a relatively few states where the raw materials are readily available. Note that the simple industries are most numerous in the states where manufacturing in general is most active, provided those states are large enough to have abundant natural resources. Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania stand high in this respect. A little state like Massachusetts with 24 simple industries, according to the complete table of the 1914 census, exceeds a great state like Mississippi which has only 17 simple industries, for the spirit of manufacturing prevails in the one case and not in the other. In the same way tiny Rhode Island (14) far exceeds great North Dakota (7), while little Connecticut (19) ranks almost with Texas (23).
Contrasted with the simple industries are the complex industries which produce such goods as electric fixtures, steam engines, cotton cloth, rubber tires, newspapers, bread, dyes, optical instruments, cloth ing, and hundreds of other articles. A few of these such as bread and the 'simpler kinds of cloth might almost be considered the products of simple industries, for the dividing line is not sharp, but the rest are clearly complex. Fig. 85 shows the number of complex industries for each simple industry in each state as listed in the census reports for 1914. Notice that this map is almost like Fig. 82 showing the per centage of the population engaged in manufacturing. In other words where a small proportion of the population is engaged in manufacturing, the simple industries that depend on local raw materials are relatively important. On the other hand where a large proportion of the popu lation is engaged in manufacturing there is not only a great develop ment of local simple industries, but still more of complex industries which depend upon raw materials from a distance, and in which the value added by manufacture is relatively great compared with the small value added by such simple operations as grinding flour or converting cream into butter. This contrast between the types of manufacturing in the strongly industrial districts would be still greater if we omitted such almost universal occupations as ice-making, printing, railroad shops, bakeries, and tailoring establishments. If that were done we should find that the complex industries are even more localized than is shownll in Fig. 85.